Chapter 9 The Circulatory System Flashcards
One Celled Organism
lives in an aqueous environment. This environment has food and oxygen necessary to maintain the life of the cell and into it the cell excretes the waste products of its metabolism. Cell died if removed from this environment.
Cells of Multicellular Organisms
They also depend on a fluid environment. Their environment is the body’s tissue fluid, an intercellular material that provides for their needs. Without the tissue fluid the cell would die.
Tissue Fluid
part of the body’s internal environment, yet far removed from the external environment from which it must receive the materials to sustain life of the cell. The bridge between the external and internal environments are the circulatory system.
Circulatory System
consists of the heart as a pump, and an extensive network of tubes throughout the body which contain a fluid for the transportation of essential substances to and from the cells of the body, and the removal of various waste substances to and from these cells. The circulatory system is frequently divided into the blood vascular system, which includes the blood, hearts, and blood vessels; and the lymphatic system which includes the lymph, lymph vessels and lymph nodes.
The study of the Circulatory System
angiology
The functions of the Circulatory System
- Transportation
- Regulation
- Protection
Transportation in the Circulatory System
the blood involves the movement of all the substances necessary for cellular metabolism throughout the circulatory system.
What does blood transport?
- Respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
- Nutritive Substances
- Waste Products
- Excessive water and certain salts
Regulation in the Circulatory System
the blood involves maintaining the pH of the body through buffers dissolved in the blood and amino acids of proteins. The circulatory system in conjunction with the urinary system regulates the amount of water and salts in the blood. The integumentary system along with the circulatory system help maintain. the bodys temperature by the dispersion of heat fro the muscles to the body.
Protection in the Circulatory System
the blood involves the circulatory systems ability to respond to injury as well as the ability to defend against forgein substances in the body. The clotting mechanism protects against loss of blood, while white blood cells (leukocytes) are specialized to fight off infections
Hematology
the study of blood
What is blood?
blood is a highly specialized viscous connective tissue that circulates through the blood vascular system. It contains 3 types of blood cells or formed elements which are suspended in a liquid called plasma
Characteristics of blood
Blood is red due to the presence of blood cells which contain hemoglobin, specialized oxygen carrying pigmented protein. The normal temperature of blood is 38°C or 100.3°F. The specific gravity of blood is between 1.041 and 1.067. Water has a specific gravity of one. It’s viscosity (residence to flow) is 4 1/2 to 5 1/2 times that of water. The pH or hydrogen ion concentration is 7.352 7.4 which makes blood slightly alkaline in nature blood volume is between 5 to 6 quarts for the average adult or 8.52 to 9.0% of bodyweight.
What two components is blood made up of?
Blood is made up of two basic components, a clear straw, colored liquid called plasma, and a collection of minute solid particles that are referred to collectively as formed elements, blood cells or corpuscles.
What is plasma?
A clear straw colored liquid that is part of the blood. Contains 92%-95% water and 5%-8% of dissolved components. Plasma with all clotting factors removed is called serum.
What are corpuscles?
A collection of minute solid particles
What are corpuscles made of?
These formed elements include three kinds of blood cells, erythrocytes , or red blood cells, leukocytes, or white blood cells, and thrombocytes or platelets
What percent of the body is blood volume?
Blood volume in the body is about 45% the remaining 55% is liquid plasma containing important blood proteins such as serum albumin, serum globulin, fibrinogen, and other dissolved substances
What are red blood cells and what do they do?
Red blood cells or erythrocytes are tiny bi concave discs that lose their nuclei before entering the bloodstream their primary function is the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Red blood cells have a life expectancy ranging up to about 120 days when blood cells breakdown the hemoglobin they contain is converted into other substances by the body.
What is hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin is found in the red blood cells and is what gives them their red color due to the presence of iron.
Heme- pigment containing iron
Globin- a protein
What is bilirubin?
A reddish, brown pigmented substance that results from hemoglobin breakdown. Some of the bilirubin may undergo further chemical changes, and be converted into a greenish pigmented substance called biliverden. these pigments are eliminated by the liver, stored in the gallbladder and secreted into the small intestine as needed to aid in the digestive process. When the liver or ducts become diseased or fail to operate properly excessive quantities of these pigments may build up in the bloodstream causing jaundice.
What are white blood cells?
White blood cells, or leukocytes or spherical cells that contain nuclei of burying shapes and sizes their primary function is defense against infection in the body. They may even leave the blood vascular system to fight infections in the tissues of the body. They very in size but are larger than red blood cells averaging about 10 µm in diameter. Their numbers range from 4300 to 10,800 per millimeters cubed of blood.
What are the five different kinds of blood cells? Leukocytes are divided into?
Grouped into two categories by the characteristics of their cytoplasm
Granulocytes (contain small granules) - neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Agranulocytes (don’t contain granules) -
lymphocytes and monocytes
Phagocytosis
Leukocytes that have the ability to seek out foreign substances in the blood, or in the tissue spaces, and engulf the foreign substance. These are called phagocytes.
What are thrombocytes?
They are platelets and are the smallest of the blood cells varying in size, but averaging about 3 µm and diameter. They are a regular shaped discs, sometimes called cytoplasmic fragments of the megakaryocytes from which they are formed. They are produced in the red bone marrow their primary function is to help form clots in the walls of broken blood vessels.
What is coagulation or the clotting of blood?
It is the result of the action of the blood vessels blood platelets in the clotting factors. The blood vessels constitute the bodies, first line of defense to bodily injury in response to various stimuli the vessels contract at the site of injury, causing a decrease in the flow of bud And an aggregation of platelets. platelets form a plug by adhering to the injured tissue during this process, platelets release their contents. These are called aggregating agents. These agents also cause further contraction of blood vessels, and are involved in the activation of clotting factors. The clotting factors will result in the formation of the fibrin clot.
How are fibrin clots formed?
One way is caused by the release of chemicals from injured or damage tissue called the extrinsic clotting mechanism. The other is caused by the contact of blood with foreign substances in the absence of any injury or tissue damage, and it’s called intrinsic clotting mechanism.
The ABO blood grouping
Based on the presence or absence of 2 agglutinogens found in the red cell membrane. Agglutinogen A and B. Everyone has one of four combinations
Blood types
A- 40-45% of population
B- 10-15% of population
AB- 4-5% of population (Universal Recipient)
O- 40-45% of population (Universal Donor)
The Rh blood group
Rh factor was first studied in the rhesus monkey. It refers to several possible agglutinogens, which may be found in the membrane of the red blood cells primarily agglutinogen D, those who have these are considered to be positive while those who do not are considered to be Negative
Rh + 85% of population has it
Rh - 15% of population does not have it
What is erythoblastosis fetalis?
A condition which can develop on a pregnant mother is our age negative, and the baby has Rh positive blood inherited from the father. The mother’s body can develop antibodies against the Rh positive factor in the babies blood. Treatments for this condition include giving them mother a vaccine to prevent the blood in compatibility or last resort procedure of blood transfusions, while the child is still in the uterus.
What is cardiology?
The study of the heart
The heart
The heart is a muscular pump which serves to pump blood to all parts of the body. The heart is found in the region of the trunk of the body above the diaphragm called the thoracic cavity. It is located in the inferior portion of the space between the two lungs called the mediastinum.
What are the three layers of heart tissue?
The outermost layer of the heart is a serous membrane, called the epicardium or visceral pericardium. The middle layer of the heart is the muscle layer and called the myocardium. The innermost layer adjacent to the lumen of the heart isn’t endothelial layer called the endocardium.
How many chambers is the heart divided into?
Four
What are the four chambers of the heart?
The superior or upper chambers of the heart are always the receiving chambers for blood entering the heart, and are called the atria or atrium. They are identified as the right and left atrium. The lower chambers of the heart always serve as the exit chambers for blood leaving the heart and our cold venture through identified as right and left ventricle.
What is pulmonary circulation?
Pulmonary circulation refers to the blood vascular system which carries blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and back to the heart because of this the right ventricle of the heart is said to be the beginning of pulmonary circulation in the left atrium is the end of pulmonary circulation
What is systemic circulation?
It is the other part of the blood vascular system. It provides for blood circulation to all parts of the body, carrying nutrients and oxygenated blood returning back to the heart. This is the most extensive part of the blood circulatory system because of this left ventricle of the heart is said to be the beginning and the right atrium is the end.
What is a vein?
A vein is a blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart
What is an artery?
An artery is a blood vessel which will carry blood away from the heart
What are the three vessels of the right atrium?
The superior vena cava serves to drain the head, upper extremities and part of the chest.
The inferior vena cava provides the blood drainage from the abdomen and lower extremities.
The coronary sinus drains the heart muscle itself, and is not depicted, since it enters from the backside.L
What vessel is in the right ventricle
The right ventricle has only one large vessel, which exits the chamber, called the pulmonary trunk or the common pulmonary artery. It will carry the blood towards the lungs for oxygenation.
What are the four vessels in the left atrium?
They are four pulmonary veins two of these vessels come from each lung. They serve to return blood from the lungs, which was delivered there for oxygenation by the pulmonary arteries.
What is the vessel in the left ventricle?
The one large vessel, in the left ventricle is called the aorta, or the ascending aorta. It will carry the blood towards all parts of the body as part of systematic circulation.
The dual pumping action of the heart produces two systems of circulation. What are they?
Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation
Refers to the blood vascular system which carries blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and back to the heart because of this the right ventricle of the heart is said to be the beginning of pulmonary circulation in the left atrium is the end
Systemic circulation
And provides for blood circulation to all parts of the body, carrying nutrients and oxygenated blood then returning back to the heart this is the most extensive part of the blood circulatory system, because of this the left ventricle of the heart is said to be the beginning of the systemic circulation in the right atrium is the end
Vein
It is a blood vessel which carries blood towards the heart, because the atria will serve as receiving chambers the vessels which enter each atrium are always veins
Artery
A blood vessel which will carry blood away from the heart. The ventricles are the exit chambers of the heart, and as such the vessel associated with each ventricle is an artery.
What are the three vessels of the right atrium?
Superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
Superior vena cava
Serves to drain the head, upper extremities and part of the chest
Inferior vena cava
Provides the blood drainage from the abdomen and lower extremities
Coronary sinus
Drains the heart muscle itself, and enters from the backside
Pulmonary trunk/common pulmonary artery
It’s the only large vessel, which exists in the right ventricle of the heart. It carries the blood towards the lungs for oxygenation.
What are the four veins called that enter the left atrium?
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary veins
There are two of these vessels coming from each lung they serve to return blood from the lungs, which was delivered there for oxygenation by the pulmonary arteries
What is the large vessel that exists in the left ventricle?
Aorta/ascending aorta
Aorta/ascending aorta
It carries the blood towards all parts of of the body as a part of systemic circulation
What are the right and left atria divided by
A wall called the atrial septum
