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Anatomy for Funeral Service > Chapter 1: Intro to Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Intro to Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Subdivisions

Gross Anatomy

A

the study of the body with the unaided eye.

Observations made without a microscope

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2
Q

Subdivisions

Microscopic/Histology Anatomy

A

the study of the body with aide of a microscope

Micro = Tissue Cyto = Cell Ology = study of

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3
Q

Subdivisions

Systemic Anatomy

A

study of individual organs and systems

Ex: Digestive System and Respiratory System

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4
Q

Subdivisions

Regional Anatomy

A

the study of some particular body region as a seperate unit

Ex: study of head or chest area

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5
Q

Subdivisions

Topographical (Surface) Anatomy

A

the study of surface shape and form of the human body, and the ability to use this knowledge of surface form to locate underlying structures

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6
Q

Subdivisions

Developmental/Embryology Anatomy

A

the study of the body before birth, fromits earliest beginnings as a fertilized egg until time of birth

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7
Q

Subdivisions

Pathological/Human Pathology Anatomy

A

the study of structural and functional changes which occur in the body a a result of disease

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8
Q

Subdivisions

Human Physiology Anatomy

A

the study of function of the body and its parts

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9
Q

Subdivision: Gross Anatomy

Section 1

A
  • Cranium: dome of skull
  • Face
    1. Oral/Buccal (Mouth)
    2. Nasal Cavity
    3. Orbital Cavities (Eye Sockets)
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10
Q

Subdivision: Gross Anatomy

Section 2

A

Neck and Cervical Region

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11
Q

Subdivision: Gross Anatomy

Section 3

A

Trunk/Torso
1. Thorax
2. Abdomen
3. Pelvis

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12
Q

Subdivision: Gross Anatomy

Section 4

A

Upper Extermities
1. Arms
2. Pectoral Girdle
* Shoulder Blades
* Collar Bones

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13
Q

Subdivisions: Gross Anatomy

Section 5

A

Lower Extermities
1. Legs
2. Pelvis Girdle
* Hip Bones

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14
Q

Gross Anatomy: Body Cavities

Dorsal Cavity

A

the main body cavity. Made up of the cranial cavity within the skull containing the brain, and the spinal cavity within the vertebral column, containing the spinal cord.

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15
Q

Gross Anatomy: Body Cavities

Ventral Cavity

A

the large cavity contained within the trunk of the body. It contains many subdivisions.
1. Thoracic Cavity
* Pleural Cavities
* Pericardial Cavity
* Mediastinal Cavity (Mediastinum)
2. Abdominopelvic Cavity
* Abdominal Cavity
* Pelvic Cavity

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16
Q

Gross Anatomy: Ventral Cavity Subdivisions

Thoracic Cavity

A

the upper part of the torso/trunk, within the chest area. Includes the pleural cavities, pericardial cavity, and the mediastinal cavity (mediastinum)

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17
Q

Ventral Cavity: Thoracic Cavity

Pleural Cavities

A

the spaces around the lungs, between the two layers of pleura, which are serous membranes covering over each lung

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18
Q

Ventral Cavity: Thoracic Cavity

Pericardial Cavity

A

the space around the heart, between the two layers of pericardium, which is a “sac-like” structure covering the heart

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19
Q

Ventral Cavity: Thoracic Cavity

Mediastinal Cavity (Mediastinum)

A

the area in the center of the thorax, from the base of the neck to the diaphram, and inbetween the lungs

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20
Q

Body Cavties: Ventral Cavities Subdivisions

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

the part of the ventral cavity below the diaphragm. Although, no wall seperates the two this cavity also includes the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity, and the peritoneal cavity

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21
Q

Ventral Cavity: Abdominopelvic Cavity

Abdominal Cavity

A

the upper part of the abdominopelvic cavity, below the diaphragm and down to approximately the top of the hip bones

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22
Q

Ventral Cavity: Abdominopelvic Cavity

Pelvic Cavity

A

the lower part of the abdominopelvic cavity, contained within the pelvis

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23
Q

Ventral Cavity: Abdominopelvic Cavity

Peritoneal Cavity

A

a two layered serous membrane. It covers over and around many organs in the abdominopelvic cavity holding them in place, transmitting nerves/vessels. Secretes serous fluid which helps lubricate/moisten the parts it comes in contact with.

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24
Q

Topographical (Surface) Anatomy

Linear Guide

A

an imaginary line drawn on the surface of the body which represents the approximate location of some deeper, underlying structure

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25
Q

Topographical (Surface) Anatomy

Anatomical Guide

A

defined as any surface, prominence, or structure used in locating an adjacent structure or prominence.

One piece of anatomy is used to find another

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26
Q

Topographical (Surface) Anatomy

Anatomical Limits

A

the point of origin and point of termination of a structure, such as a blood vessel, in relation to adjacent structures.

a blood vessel courses through body, hits certain point it changes name

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27
Q

Regional Anatomy: Abdominal-Pelvic

4 Region Plane

A
  1. Upper Right
  2. Upper Left
  3. Lower Right
  4. Lower Left
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28
Q

Regional Anatomy: Abdominal-Pelvic

9 Quadrant Plane

A
  1. Right Hypocondriac
  2. Epigastric
  3. Left Hypocondriac
  4. Right Lumbar
  5. Umbilical
  6. Left Lumbar
  7. Right Iliac (Inguinal)
  8. Hypogastric (Pubic)
  9. Left Iliac (inguinal)
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29
Q

Regional Anatomy: 9 Quadrant Regions

Superior Lateral Regions

A
  1. Right Hypocondriac
  2. Left Hypocondriac
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30
Q

Regional Anatomy: 9 Quadrant Regions

Superior Middle Region

A
  1. Epigastric Region
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31
Q

Regional Anatomy: 9 Quadrant Regions

Lateral to Umbilical Region

A
  1. Right Lumbar Region
  2. Left Lumbar Region
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32
Q

Regional Anatomy: 9 Quadrant Regions

Middle Region

A

Umbilical Region

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33
Q

Regional Anatomy: 9 Quadrant Regions

Inferior Lateral Regions

A
  1. Right Iliac
  2. Left Iliac
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34
Q

Regional Anatomy: 9 Quadrant Regions

Inferior Middle Region

A

Hypogastric Region

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35
Q

Body Organization

What do we find at the cellular level?

A
  1. Irritablity or ability to respond to a stimuls
  2. ability to take in food and water
  3. abiity to give off waste products
  4. abiity to grow and mature
  5. ability to reproduce
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36
Q

Body Organization

What are cells?

A
  • the smallest, functional units of organization in the body
  • Protoplasm- highly specialized product that is a combination of various chemical elements organized into units known as **cells.
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37
Q

Body Organization

1st Level of Organization

A

The chemical level
* includes all atoms and molecules that come together to form the various chemical substances needed to maintain life.

38
Q

Body Organization

2nd Level of Organization

39
Q

Body Organization

3rd Level of Organization

A

Tissue
* refers to a group of similar cells arranged for the performance of some particular funtion.
* Can be broken down into 4 subdivisions

Ex: Muscle Cells = Movement

40
Q

Body Organization: Tissue Subdivision

Epithelial Tissue

A
  • is found covering the outer surface of many body parts and lining the inner surfaces of body cavities and organs
  • the variety of tissue which is involved in forming secretions produced by glands
41
Q

Body Organization: Epithelial Tissue Types

What are the types of Epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Squamous Epithelium
    * Flat, thin
  2. Columnar Epithelium
    * long, tall
  3. Cubodial Epithelium
    * Cube shaped
  4. Stratisfied Epithelium
    * Layers, any of these tissues can be stratsfied s long as it’s in layers
42
Q

Body Organization: Epithelial Tissue Subdivision

Membranes

A

Any thin, sheet like expanse of tissue
1. Mucous Membranes
* line body cavities that open out to the surface of the body. They secrete mucous. (Mouth,Nasal,Trachea)
2. Serous Membrane
* lines closed body cavities, secretes serum/serus fluid which pevents friction

43
Q

Body Organization: Tissue Subdivision

Connective Tissue

A

connects, supports, and binds body parts together. More intracellular space between cells, not as tightly packed as Epithelial

44
Q

Body Organization: Connective Tissue Subdivision

What are the types of Connective Tissue?

A
  1. Areolar (loose) Connective tissue
  2. Adipose (fatty) Tissue
  3. Fibrous Connective Tissue
  4. Bone
  5. Cartilage
  6. Hemopoietic (blood forming) tissue
45
Q

Body Organization: Connective Tissue Subdivision

Areolar (Loose) Connective Tissue

A

variety of scattared, irregular fibers embedded in a soft, gel-like base (hyaluronic acid) it serves as glue which binds together many other body tissues

46
Q

Body Organization: Connective Tissue Subdivision

Adipose ( Fatty ) Tissue

A

a type of connective tissue specialized for storing fat

46
Q

Body Organization: Connective Tissue Subdivision

Fibrous Connective Tissue

A

strong, fibrous bundles of tissue, which provide great strength and support (tendons, ligaments, fascia)

47
Q

Body Organization: Connective Tissue Subdivision

Bone

A

hardened, calcified connective tissue

47
Q

Body Organizaton: Connective Tissue Subdivisions

Cartilage

A

made up of softer, more flexible consistency than bone

48
Q

Body Organization: Connective Tissue Subdivision

Hemopoietic (Blood Forming) Tissue

A

also the blood itself. specialized tissue found in red bone marrow, and in such areas as the spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes. blood is a liquified connective tissue

49
Q

Body Organization: Connective Tissue Subdivision

Fascia

A

thin sheets that enclose and seperate muscles, other interal organs, keeps muscle fibers bundled together

50
Q

Body Organization: Tissue Subdivision

Muscle Tissue

A

it is responsible of the movement of body parts

51
Q

Body Organization: Tissue Subdivision

Nervous Tissue

A

makes up the various parts of the nervous system which receives stimuli, conducts impulses, and has overall control of the various bodily functions

52
Q

Body Organization

4th Level of Organization

53
Q

Body Organization

Organs

A

a group of tissues arranged for the performance of some function

54
Q

Body Organization

5th Level of Organization

55
Q

Body Organization: Systems

Systems

A

a group of organs arranged for the performance of ome particular function

56
Q

Body Organization: Systems

Skeletal System

A

bones, cartilage, and ligaments which provide support and protection to the body

57
Q

Body Organization: Systems

Circulatory System

A

the heart, blood, and blood vessles. plus, the lymphatic system serving to transport gases, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body along with preventing it from disease

58
Q

Body Organization: Systems

Muscular Systems

A

all of the bodys muscles which are concerned primarily with movement of body parts

59
Q

Body Organization: Systems

Endocrine System

A

group of glands which give off secretions which serve as chemical regulators of various bodily functions

60
Q

Body Organization: Systems

Nervous System

A

the brain, spinal cord, and nerves which have overall control over bodily functions and serve to coordinate the performance of tasks by various cells, tissue, and organs in the body

61
Q

Body Organization: Systems

Digestive System

A

various organs concerned with the taking in of food products, breaking them down so nutriants can be absorbed, and the elimination of soil and waste products

62
Q

Body Organization: Systems

Urinary System

A

the kidneys and related organs which serve to clean waste product from the blood and maintain proper fluid and chemical balances in the body

63
Q

Body Organization: Systems

Respiratory System

A

the lungs and other organa concerned with taking in oxygen and the elimination of other respiratory gases

64
Q

Body Organization: Systems

Reproductive System

A

organs both male and female which are involved in the reproduction of the species and the development of sexual characteristics

65
Q

Body Organization: Systems

Integumentary System

A

the skin and its components which are involved in covering and protecting the body as a whole, as well as such funtions as temperature regulation and acting as a sensory organ

66
Q

Body Organization

6th level of organization

A

An organism/human

67
Q

Anatomical Position: Planes

Anatomical Position

A

body is erect, facing the observer, with arms at the side, and palms of hands turned forward

68
Q

Anatomical Position: Planes

Sagittal Plane

A

cuts the body from front to back resulting in left and right parts
1. Mid-Sagittal (Median) Plane
* Cuts body into equal L and R parts
* Bi-Lateral Plane refers to the fact that only the median plane can divide body into equal halves.
2. Parasagittal Plane
* Vertical cut that is off center, dividing the body into L and R unequal halves

69
Q

Anatomical Position: Planes

Frontal/Coronal Plane

A

vertical plane that divides the body from side to side at right angles to the median plane which results in front and back of body

70
Q

Anatomical Postions: Planes

Horizontal/Transverse/ Cross Planes

A

cuts body horizontally, crosswise, results in upper and lower parts

71
Q

Directional Terms

Medial and Lateral

A
  1. Medial
    * refers to something located towards the midline/median plane of the body
  2. Lateral
    * refers to location away from median plane or toward the sides of the body or body part
72
Q

Directional Terms

  • Superior, Cranial, Cephalic
    and
  • Inferior, Caudal
A
  1. Superior, Cranial, Cephalic
    * located towards the head or upper part of body
  2. Inferior, Caudal
    * refers to “tail” or to lower part of body
73
Q

Directional Terms

  1. Anterior, Ventral
    and
  2. Posterior, Dorsal
A
  1. Anterior, Ventral
    * used to mean towards front of the body
  2. Posterior, Dorsal
    * towards the back of the body
74
Q

Directional Terms

Deep, Central, Internal

A

refer to something which is located towards the interior, or center of the body or body part, and away from the surface

75
Q

Directional Terms

Superficial, External, Peripheral

A

towards the surface, or edges of the body or part

76
Q

Directional Terms

Visceral

A

refers to organs contained within the body cavities

77
Q

Directional Terms

Parietal

A

refers to the walls of the body cavity

78
Q

Directional Terms

Proximial and Distal

A
  1. Proximial
    * referring to something located towards or closer to the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk of the body
  2. Distal
    * farther away from the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk
79
Q

Directional Terms

Prone and Supine

A
  1. Prone
    * position of body when laying face down
  2. Supine
    * refers to body when layng face up

these terms are also used to describe hand positions palms up (Supine) palms down (Prone)

80
Q

Parts of a Cell

Nucleus

A

controls most cellular activities, reproduction, protein synthesis, and contains the cell’s genetic material which determines a person’s various charateristics

81
Q

Parts of a Cell

Cytoplasm

A

the protoplasm of a cell which lies between the nucleus and the cell membrane. The cell membrane houses the ribisomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and centrioles

82
Q

Parts of a Cell: Cytoplasm

Cell Membrane

A

contains numerous small structures or “organelles” which perform various cellular activities like the jobs of the ribisomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and centrioles

83
Q

Parts of a Cell: Cytoplasm

Ribisomes

A

synthesize proteins

84
Q

Parts of a Cell: Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

A

“power house” of the cell- produces energy

85
Q

Parts of a Cell: Cytoplasm

Lysosomes

A

contain enzymes which digest substances brought into the cell

86
Q

Parts of a Cell: Cytoplasm

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

series of membranes forming canals which transport nutrients and other materials through the cell

87
Q

Parts of a Cell: Cytoplasm

Centrioles

A

important in cell division and reproduction

88
Q

Parts of a Cell

Plasma (cell) Membrane

A

forms outer boundry of the cell, keeps the cell intact, and regulates the passage of fluids and other substances in and out of the cell, only certain substances can enter and leave, sometimes described as a semi-permeable membrane

Anatomy for Funeral Service (16 decks)

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