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Anatomy & Physiology 101 > Chapter 9 terms > Flashcards

Chapter 9 terms Flashcards

1
Q

Definition: calat-

A

Something inserted

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2
Q

Definition: erg-

A

Work

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3
Q

Definition: fasc-

A

Bundle

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4
Q

Definition: -gram

A

Something written

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5
Q

Definition: hyper-

A

Over, more

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6
Q

Definition: inert-

A

Between

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7
Q

Definition: iso-

A

Equal

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8
Q

Definition: laten-

A

Hidden

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9
Q

Definition: myo-

A

Muscle

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10
Q

Definition: reticul-

A

A net (network)

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11
Q

Definition: sarco-

A

Flesh

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12
Q

Definition: syn-

A

Together

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13
Q

Definition: tetan-

A

Stiff

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14
Q

Definition: -tonic

A

Stretched

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15
Q

Definition: -troph

A

Well fed

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16
Q

Definition: voluntar-

A

Of one’s free will

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17
Q

Fascia

A

Layers of dense connective tissue; surrounds each muscle and may project beyond the ends of its muscle fibers, forming cordlike tendon.

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18
Q

Tendon

A

A flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone.

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19
Q

Aponeurosis (plural: aponeuroses)

A

A sheet of pearly-white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in sheetlike muscles having a wide area of attachment.

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20
Q

Myofibrils

A

Any of the elongated contractile threads found in striated muscle cells.

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21
Q

Myosin

A

A fibrous protein that forms (together with actin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells and is also involved in motion in other types of cells.

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22
Q

Actin

A

A protein that forms (together with myosin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells, and is also involved in motion in other types of cells.

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23
Q

Sarcomere

A

A structural unit of a myofibril in striated muscle, consisting of a dark band and the nearer half of each adjacent pale band

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24
Q

Titin

A

A protein important in the contraction of striated muscle tissues

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25
Q

Troponin

A

A globular protein complex involved in muscle contraction. It occurs with tropomyosin in the thin filaments of muscle tissue

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26
Q

Tropomyosin

A

A protein involved in muscle contraction. It is related to myosin and occurs together with troponin in the thin filaments of muscle tissue

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27
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

A specialized form of endoplasmic reticulum surrounding myofibers. A membrane system responsible for storing, releasing, and resequestering calcium in response to an action potential.

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28
Q

Transverse tubule

A

a deep invagination of the sarcolemma, which is the plasma membrane, only found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells

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29
Q

Cisternae

A

a sac or cavity containing fluid.

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30
Q

Triad

A

The structure formed by a T tubule with a sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) known as the terminal cisterna on either side.

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31
Q

Synapse

A

A junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter

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32
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

A chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure

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33
Q

Motor neurons

A

A nerve cell forming part of a pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland

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34
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

A neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the synapse or junction of the axon terminal of a motoneuron with the motor end plate

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35
Q

Motor end plate

A

the flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle

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36
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

The space between a presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane, containing extracellular fluid (ECF). Neurotransmitters must diffuse across this cleft to activate postsynaptic receptors.

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37
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

A compound that occurs throughout the nervous system, in which it functions as a neurotransmitter.

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38
Q

ATPase

A

ATPases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate ion.

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39
Q

Sliding filament model

A

When sarcomeres shorten, the thick and thin filaments do not change length. They slide past one another, with the thin filaments moving toward the center of the sarcomere from both ends.

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40
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

An enzyme that causes rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine. Its action serves to stop excitation of a nerve after transmission of an impulse

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41
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

A compound produced in the body, stored in the muscle fibers, and broken down by enzymes to quickly replenish the adenosine-triphosphate stores.

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42
Q

Myoglobin

A

A red protein containing heme that carries and stores oxygen in muscle cells. It is structurally similar to a subunit of hemoglobin

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43
Q

Lactic acid threshold

A

amount of effort it takes before the body switches from aerobic exercise to anaerobic.

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44
Q

Oxygen debt

A

a cumulative deficit of oxygen resulting from intense exercise; the deficit must be made up when the body returns to rest

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45
Q

Twitch

A

The contractile response of a single muscle fiber to a muscle impulse.

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46
Q

Threshold stimulus

A

The weakest stimulus capable of producing an action potential in an excitable cell.

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47
Q

Summation

A

Summation is a method of achieving or inhibiting action potential in the postsynaptic neuron, when one presynaptic neuron does not generate enough neurotransmitter.

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48
Q

Tetanic contraction

A

Occurs when a motor unit has been maximally stimulated by its motor neuron.

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49
Q

Recruitment (multiple motor unit summation)

A

The combined effect of a number of motor units acting within a muscle at any given time.

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50
Q

Muscle tone

A

The tension present in resting muscles.

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51
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

The force of the muscle fibers remains constant but the speed may vary.

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52
Q

Concentric contraction

A

Shortening

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53
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

Lengthening; occurs when the force a muscle generates is less than that required to move or lift an object.

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54
Q

Isometric contraction

A

When a muscle strains against a resistance but does not change in length; the length stays the same but the force changes.

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55
Q

Multiunit smooth muscle

A

Smooth muscle containing few tight junctions, but richly innervated; responds as individual motor units, not as a single unit.

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56
Q

Visceral smooth muscle (single-unit smooth muscle)

A

Smooth muscle containing many tight junctions that contracts as a unit and responds to stretch.

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57
Q

Peristalsis

A

The involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward

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58
Q

Levers

A

Simple mechanical devices

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59
Q

Origin of skeletal muscle

A

The less movable end of a joint.

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60
Q

Insertion of skeletal muscle

A

The more movable end.

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61
Q

Agonist

A

A muscle whose contraction moves a part of the body directly

62
Q

Synergist

A

Synergist is a kind of muscle which performs, or assist in performing, the same set of joint motion as the agonists.

63
Q

Prime mover

A

An agonist may be called a prime mover if it is doing most of the work.

64
Q

Antagonist

A

A muscle that relaxes while another contracts

65
Q

Pectoralis major

A

A muscle of large size (major) in the pectoral region (chest).

66
Q

Deltoid

A

Shaped like a delta or triangle

67
Q

Extensor digitorum

A

Extends the digits

68
Q

Biceps brachii

A

A muscle with two heads (biceps), or points of origin, in the brachium (arm).

69
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Attached to the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process.

70
Q

External oblique

A

Located near the outside, with fibers that run obliquely or in a slanting direction.

71
Q

Epicranius

A

Covers the upper part of the cranium and consists of two muscular parts– the frontalis and the occipitalis.

72
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

A ring-like band of muscle, called a sphincter muscle, that surrounds the eye.

73
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

A sphincter muscle that encircles the mouth.

74
Q

Buccinator

A

Located in the wall of the cheek. When its fibers contract, the cheek is compressed inward.

75
Q

Zygomaticus major and minor

A

Extend from the zygomatic arch downward to the corner of the mouth. When they contract, the corner of the mouth is drawn upward.

76
Q

Platysma

A

A thin, sheetlike muscle whose fibers extend from the cheek upward over the neck to the face. It pulls the angle of the mouth downward, as in pouting.

77
Q

Masseter

A

A thick, flattened muscle in front of the ear. Its fibers extend downward from the zygomatic arch to the mandible. The masseter raises the jaw, controls the rate at which the jaw falls open in response to gravity.

78
Q

Temporalis

A

A fan-shaped muscle that runs from the side of the skull to the back of the lower jaw and is involved in closing the mouth and chewing

79
Q

Medial pterygoid

A

Closes the jaw and moves it from side to side.

80
Q

Later pterygoid

A

Can open the mouth, pull the mandible forward, and move the mandible from side to side.

81
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Each of a pair of long muscles that connect the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process of the temporal bone and serve to turn and nod the head

82
Q

Splenius capitis

A

Deep back muscles that control the veretebral column, acting in concert with many other muscles. The splenius capitis and splenius cervicis, working together, retract the head. Singly, they turn it to the side, working with the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

83
Q

Semispinalis capitis

A

Extends the head, bends it to one side, or rotates it.

84
Q

Quadratus lumborum

A

Muscle in the back which attaches to the top of the pelvis and the spine in the upper lumbar area. Its function is to hike the hip.

85
Q

Erector spinae

A

Muscles of the spine that lie posteriorly. These are commonly known as the “anti-gravity” muscles.

86
Q

Trapezius

A

Either of a pair of large triangular muscles extending over the back of the neck and shoulders and moving the head and shoulder blade

87
Q

Rhomboid major

A

The rhomboid major is a major muscle on the back that connects the scapula with the vertebrae of the spinal column.

88
Q

Levator scapulae

A

Upper back muscles that elevate the shoulders.

89
Q

Serratus anterior

A

Muscles that rotate the scapula and elevate the rib cage.

90
Q

Pectoralis minor

A

A skeletal muscle that draws down the scapula or raises the ribs

91
Q

Coracobrachialis

A

Flexor; Muscle with its origin on the scapula and insertion on the inner side of the humerus and functions by flexing and adducting the arm and shoulder.

92
Q

Pectoralis major

A

Flexor; a skeletal muscle that adducts and rotates the arm

93
Q

Teres major

A

Extensor; Flat muscle of the shoulder which functions to adduct, extend, and rotate the arm medially.

94
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

Extensor; Large muscle on the back which attaches to the upper arm and is used to pull the arm to the side.

95
Q

Supraspinatus

A

Abductors; A small muscle at the top of the shoulder blade, abducts the arm

96
Q

Deltoid

A

Abductor; a thick triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint and used for raising the arm away from the body

97
Q

Subscapularis

A

Rotator; it connects the scapula to the humerus and rotates the arm medially.

98
Q

Infraspinatus

A

Rotator; a muscle below the spine, rotates the arm laterally

99
Q

Teres minor

A

Rotator; teres muscle that adducts the arm and rotates it laterally

100
Q

Flexor; connects the scapula to the radius and flexes the elbow and rotates the hand laterally.

A

Biceps brachii

101
Q

Brachialis

A

Flexor; a large muscle beneath the biceps brachii, is the strongest flexor of the elbow.

102
Q

Brachioradialis

A

Flexor; connects the humerus to the radius; aids in flexing the elbow

103
Q

Triceps brachii

A

Extensor; has three heads, is the only muscle on the back of the arm; primary extensor of the elbow.

104
Q

Supinator

A

Rotator; assists the biceps brachii in rotating the forearm laterally.

105
Q

Pronator teres

A

Rotator; rotates the arm medially

106
Q

Pronator quadratus

A

Rotator; assists the pronator teres in rotating the arm medially

107
Q

Flexor carpi radialis

A

Flexor; flexes the wrist and abducts the hand

108
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris

A

Flexor; flexes the wrist and adducts the hand

109
Q

Palmaris longus

A

Flexor; connects the distal end of the humerus to fascia of the palm and flexes the wrist

110
Q

Flexor digitorum profundus

A

Flexor; flexes the distal joints of the fingers, such as when making a fist.

111
Q

Flexor digitorum superficialis

A

Flexor; flexes the wrist

112
Q

Extensor carpi radialis longus

A

Extensor; extends the wrist and assists in abducting the hand

113
Q

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

A

Extensor; assists in abducting the hand

114
Q

Extensor carpi ulnaris

A

Extensor; extends the wrist and assists in adducting the hand

115
Q

Extensor digitorum

A

Extensor; extends the fingers

116
Q

Linea alba

A

A narrow, longitudinal, whitish band of tendonous tissue found along the mid-ventral line.

117
Q

External oblique

A

Abdominal muscle primarily responsible for lateral flexion of the spine.

118
Q

Internal oblique

A

Abdominal muscle primarily responsible for lateral flexion of the spine.

119
Q

Transverse abdominis

A

Deepest layer of the abdominal wall. Responsible for abdominal compression.

120
Q

Rectus abdominis

A

Abdominal wall muscle primarily responsible for forward flexion.

121
Q

Levator ani

A

Main muscle group supporting the pelvic floor

122
Q

Coccygeus

A

A fan shaped muscle; aids the levator ani

123
Q

Superficial transversus perinei

A

Assists other muscles in supporting the pelvis viscera.

124
Q

Bulbospongiosus

A

In a female, these muscles constrict the vaginal opening; can also retard the flow of blood in veins, which helps maintain an erection of the penis in men and the clitoris in the female.

125
Q

Sphincter urethrae

A

Closes the urethra by compression and opens it by relaxation, helping control the flow of urine.

126
Q

Psoas major

A

Anterior thigh muscle; flexes the thigh

127
Q

Iliacus

A

Anterior thigh muscle; a primary flexor of the thigh along with psoas major, advances the lower limb in walking movements

128
Q

Gluteus maximus

A

Posterior thigh muscle; largest muscle of the body; helps straighten the lower limb at the hip when a person walks, runs, or climbs.

129
Q

Gluteus medius

A

Posterior thigh muscle; abduct the thigh and rotate it medially.

130
Q

Piriformis

A

Posterior thigh muscle; lies beneath the gluteus medius and is its companion in attachments and functions

131
Q

Tensor fasciae latae

A

Posterior thigh muscle; abducts and flexes the thigh and rotates it medially

132
Q

Pectineus

A

Thigh adductor; flexes and adducts the thigh

133
Q

Adductor brevis

A

Thigh adductor; adducts and assists in flexing the thigh

134
Q

Adductor longus

A

Thigh adductor; adducts the thigh and assists in flexing and rotating it laterally

135
Q

Adductor magnus

A

Thigh adductor; largest adductor of the thigh; adducts the thigh and portions assists in flexing and extending the thigh

136
Q

Gracilis

A

Thigh adductor; adducts the thigh and flexes the leg at the knee.

137
Q

Biceps femoris

A

Leg flexor; hamstring muscle; flexes and rotates the leg laterally and extends the thigh

138
Q

Semitendinosus

A

Leg flexor; hamstring muscle; flexes and rotates the leg medially and extends the thigh

139
Q

Sartorius

A

Leg flexor; connects the ilium to the tibia and flexes the leg and the thigh. It can also abduct the thigh and rotate it laterally.

140
Q

Quadriceps femoris

A

Leg extensor; the primary extensor of the knee

141
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

Dorsal flexor; contraction causes dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot.

142
Q

Fibularis tertius

A

Dorsal flexor; it functions in dorsiflexion and eversion of the foot

143
Q

Extensor digitorum longus

A

Dorsal flexor; actions include dorsiflexion of the foot, eversion of the foot, and extension of the toes

144
Q

Extensor hallucis longus

A

Dorsal flexor; contraction extends the great toe, dorsiflexes and inverts the foot.

145
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

Plantar flexor; the chief muscle of the calf of the leg, which flexes the knee and foot.

146
Q

Soleus

A

Plantar flexor; A broad muscle in the lower calf, below the gastrocnemius, that flexes the foot to point the toes downward

147
Q

Plantaris

A

Plantar flexor; when it contracts it flexes the foot, and because it crosses the knee joint it, it also flexes the knee.

148
Q

Flexor digitorum longus

A

Plantar flexion; serves to curl the second, third, fourth, and fifth toes

149
Q

Tibialis posterior

A

Assists in inversion and plantar flexion of the foot.

150
Q

Fibularis longus

A

Everts the foot, assists in plantar flexion, and helps support the arch of the foot.

151
Q

Plantaris

A

Plantar flexor; when it contracts it flexes the foot, and because it crosses the knee joint it, it also flexes the knee.

Anatomy & Physiology 101 (20 decks)

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