Chapter 2 Flashcards
At a cellular level, biology becomes what?
Chemistry
What are a cell’s working parts called?
Organelles
Chemistry considers how what changes?
The composition of substances.
Put body functions, chemical changes, and cellular changes in the proper order.
Chemical changes > cellular changes > body functions.
Foods, liquids and medicines are all an example of what?
Chemicals
Important in explaining physiological processes, developing new drugs.
Biochemistry
Anything that has weight (mass)
Matter
Solids, liquids, gasses are examples of what?
Matter
Matter consists of what?
Particles
Fundamental substances
Elements
How many naturally occurring elements are there?
92
How many lab created elements are there?
26
Some elements exist in pure form, but some are what?
Compounds (chemical elements)
What are required by the body in large quantities?
Bulk elements
Bulk elements make up how much of human body weight?
More than 95%.
What is required in small amounts?
Trace elements
What are the proteins that regulate rates of chemical reactions called?
Enzymes
What is required by the body in very small amounts?
Ultra trace elements
What are the particles that compose elements called?
Atoms
The smallest complete unit of an element is what?
An atom
What binds atoms?
Chemical bonds
What is the central part of an atom?
The nucleus
What constantly moves around a nucleus?
Electrons
What is relatively large and has a positive charge?
Protons
What is relatively large, and uncharged?
Neutrons
What carries a single negative charge?
Electrons
What carries a single positive charge?
Protons
What is uncharged and neutral?
Neutrons
Why is the nucleus part of an atom always positively charged?
It contains protons.
The number of electrons is equal to the number of what?
Protons
The number of protons in an element is its what?
Atomic number.
The number of protons plus the number of neutrons equals what?
Atomic weight
Atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic weight are called what?
Isotopes
What may be stable or house unstable nuclei?
Isotopes
What are unstable isotopes called?
Radioactive
What are atomic fragments emitted by radioactive isotopes called?
Atomic radiation
How many types of radiation are there?
3
Alpha, beta, and gamma radiation are types of what?
Atomic radiation
Two or more atoms combined make a what?
Molecule
What is the shorthand to depict numbers and types of atoms in molecules called?
Molecular formula
Two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen in each molecule is the formula for what?
H2O, water
Atoms combined with other atoms are called what?
Bonds
Chemical bonds result from what?
Interactions of electrons
What encircles the nucleus and contains the electrons of an atom?
Electron shells
Electron shells are sometimes called what?
Energy shells
The number of electrons in the outermost shell determines if it will do what?
React with another atom
Atoms react in a way that leaves the outermost shell filled with electrons, says this rule.
Octet rule
If an atom cannot form chemical bonds it is said to be what?
Inert
Atoms that gain or lose electrons and become electrically charged are called what?
Ions
Positive charged ions are called what?
Cations
Negative charged ions are called
Anions
Ions with opposite charges attract, forming what?
Ionic bonds
Atoms can bond by sharing, instead of losing, what?
Electrons
Chemical bond between atoms that share electrons is called what?
Covalent bond
Unlike ions, this has an equal number of protons and electrons.
Polar molecule
Water is considered this kind of molecule.
Polar molecule
The attraction of the positive end of a polar molecule to the negative nitrogen or o Hagen end of another polar molecule is called what?
Hydrogen bond
True or false: hydrogen bonds are considered relatively strong.
False, they are weak.
Starting materials changed by chemical reactions are called what?
Reactants
Atoms, ions, or molecules formed at a reaction’s conclusion is called what?
Products
When two or more atoms, ions, or molecules bond to form more complex structure it is called what?
SynthesisA+B -> AB
When bonds of a reactant molecule break down to form simpler molecules, atoms, or ions, it is called what?
Decomposition
What is important in the growth of body parts and the repair of worn or damaged tissues?
Synthetic reactions
When two different types of molecules trade positions it is called what?
Exchange reaction (replacement reaction)AB + CD -> AD + CB
When the product or products can change back to the reactant or reactions it is called what?
Reversible reaction
Molecules that influence the rates, but not the direction, of chemical reactions, and are not consumed in the process are called what?
Catalysts
What releases ions in water?
Electrolytes
Electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in water are called what?
Acids
What combines with hydrogen ions?
Bases
Bases can react with acids to neutralize them, forming water and electrolytes called what?
Salts
Acid, base, and salt are the three what?
Electrolytes
The hydrogen ion concentration is known as what?
pH scale
Solutions with more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions are what?
Acidic
Acidic solutions have a pH balance that is less than what?
7.0
What regulates the pH value of the internal environment?
Homeostatic mechanisms
Illness results when what?
pH changes
What is the normal pH of blood?
7.35 to 7.45
Blood pH of 7.5 to 7.8 is called what?
Alkalosis
If blood pH falls to 7.0 to 7.3 it is called what?
Acidosis
Chemicals that resist pH change are called what?
Buffers
Organic compounds have what?
Carbon and hydrogen
Chemicals without carbon and hydrogen are considered what?
Inorganic
Inorganic substances usually dissolve in water and dissociate, forming ions. Thus, they are what?
Electrolytes
Organic compounds that dissolve in water usually do not release ions, so they are called what?
Nonelectrolytes
Most metabolic reactions occur in what?
Water
What kind of charge does the nucleus of an atom always have?
Positive
What is the charge of an elemental atom?
Neutral
The second electron shell can hold a maximum of how many electrons?
8
Chemically stable elements will not do what under ordinary conditions?
Chemically react
What do carbon atoms tend to form?
Covalent bonds
When atoms of different elements combine they form what?
Compounds
What kind of formulas display the relative position of each atom?
Structural
The following are all electrolytes except which one? NaOH, glucose, Carbonic acid, aluminum chloride
NaOH
Which one of these molecular formulas represents a compound? H2, O2, N2, C6H12O6
C6H12O6
The reaction NaCl -> Na+ + Cl-, as written, represents what type of reaction?
Decomposition reaction
Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions (H+) in water are called what?
Acids
DNA contains each of the following components, except which one? 5-carbon sugar, a single polynucleotide chain, phosphate group, organic base
A single polynucleotide chain
Which element has the nuclear configuration of 12/6?
Carbon
Of the following, which represents an organic compound? H2O, O2, nitrous oxide, C6H12O6
C6H12O6
When a partially charged hydrogen comes near a partially charged oxygen on another atom, what kind of bond is formed?
Hydrogen bond
Water tends to dissociate, forming ions; what pH value indicates that the [H+] equals the [OH-]?
7
Which of these is the correct formula for a base? HCl NaOH, H2SO4, H2O
NaOH
At what pH is a solution completely acidic?
0
Two atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic weights are called what?
Isotopes
What does a radioactive element do?
Undergoes nuclear disintegration
Radiation in the form of two protons and two neutrons is the what?
Alpha particle
What can be used to detect heart disease?
Thallium-201
The only elements that have eight electrons in their outer orbitals and are therefore stable are the what?
Noble gases
What happens to sodium when it loses its outer electron?
It becomes a positive ion
In table salt, what kind of bonds hold the ions together?
Electrovalent
What causes HCl to become an acid?
The release of H+
A covalent bond is formed whenever two atoms do what?
Share electrons
Building that contain radon in their structures can cause illness because radon will produce what?
Ionizing radiation
What is the smallest particle of an element, which has the properties of an element?
An atom
Decomposition is the opposite of what reaction?
Synthesis
What is the term for a substance that can increase the rate of a reaction without becoming changed?
Catalyst
Sodium chloride is an example of a what?
Electrolyte
A solution with a pH of 7.35 is considered to be what?
Basic
What is the most abundant compound in the body?
Water
What is the main purpose for cellular oxygen?
It results in energy
Which inorganic ion is required for ATP and nucleotides acid synthesis and is part of their structures?
Phosphate
The following are monosaccharides except for which one? Glucose, sucrose, fructose, galactose
Sucrose
Glycogen is a type of what?
Polysaccharide
If a triglyceride were digested it would breakdown into glycerol and what?
Fatty acids
Unsaturated fats are comprised of lipids that contain what?
Relatively few hydrogen atoms
The following are steroids except which one? Cholesterol, estrogens, testosterone, phospholipid
Phospholipid
Proteins are most important for the following functions except which one? Hormone structures, energy production, cell structures, antibodies
Energy production
All nucleus acids must contain what?
Amino acids
The molecule which contains the genetic information necessary to regulate cells is what?
DNA
An electrically neutral atom bears what trait?
It contains the same number of electrons and neutrons
Isotopes of the same element vary in the number of what that they contain?
Neutrons
Which type of radiation emitted by a radioactive isotope can be the most penetrating, most damaging to living things?
Gamma radiation
The molecules that Re changed by a reaction are called what?
Reactants
A substance with a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.000001 g/L has a pH of what?
6 because there are six places after the decimal
Animal polysaccharides are called what?
Glycogen
A fatty acid in which the carbon atoms are all linked by single carbon-carbon bonds is said to be what?
Saturated
Myoglobin, hemoglobin, and many enzymes are what kind of proteins?
Globular
The smallest complete unit of an element is what?
An atom
Which of the following does not belong with the others? Proton, neutron, electron, nucleus
Electron
What is the sum of the neutrons plus protons equal to?
Mass number
Which of the following is not nearly as abundant as the others in living cells? Na, Mn, P, N
Mn
Th symbol Na+ is used to describe a what?
Sodium ion
True or false: most chemical reactions are reversible in nature?q
True, most reactions can proceed in either direction, theoretically.
True or false: the total pH range compatible with human life is 7.35 to 7.45 in the blood?
False: 7.35-7.45 is average, normal, but the total range for life is around 6.8 to 8.0.
True or false: a person could not survive with a blood pH of 6 or 8.2.
True: the numbers are outside the range compatible with life.
True or false: the presence of electrolyte in the body is ,ore important than their relative amounts.
False
True or false: organic compounds must all contain the atom carbon
True
True or false: the fundamental unit of polysaccharides is glucose
False
Tue or false: all proteins function as catalysts or enzymes
False
True or false: all proteins must contain nitrogen and amino acids
True
True or false: atoms such as sodium that are in the first column of the periodic table have positive charges
False
True or false: when sodium reacts with chlorine usually a covalent bond is formed
False, covalent bonds form between no metals
