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Anatomy & Physiology 101 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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2
Q

At a cellular level, biology becomes what?

A

Chemistry

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3
Q

What are a cell’s working parts called?

A

Organelles

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4
Q

Chemistry considers how what changes?

A

The composition of substances.

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5
Q

Put body functions, chemical changes, and cellular changes in the proper order.

A

Chemical changes > cellular changes > body functions.

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6
Q

Foods, liquids and medicines are all an example of what?

A

Chemicals

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7
Q

Important in explaining physiological processes, developing new drugs.

A

Biochemistry

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8
Q

Anything that has weight (mass)

A

Matter

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9
Q

Solids, liquids, gasses are examples of what?

A

Matter

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10
Q

Matter consists of what?

A

Particles

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11
Q

Fundamental substances

A

Elements

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12
Q

How many naturally occurring elements are there?

A

92

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13
Q

How many lab created elements are there?

A

26

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14
Q

Some elements exist in pure form, but some are what?

A

Compounds (chemical elements)

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15
Q

What are required by the body in large quantities?

A

Bulk elements

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16
Q

Bulk elements make up how much of human body weight?

A

More than 95%.

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17
Q

What is required in small amounts?

A

Trace elements

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18
Q

What are the proteins that regulate rates of chemical reactions called?

A

Enzymes

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19
Q

What is required by the body in very small amounts?

A

Ultra trace elements

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20
Q

What are the particles that compose elements called?

A

Atoms

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21
Q

The smallest complete unit of an element is what?

A

An atom

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22
Q

What binds atoms?

A

Chemical bonds

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23
Q

What is the central part of an atom?

A

The nucleus

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24
Q

What constantly moves around a nucleus?

A

Electrons

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25
Q

What is relatively large and has a positive charge?

A

Protons

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26
Q

What is relatively large, and uncharged?

A

Neutrons

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27
Q

What carries a single negative charge?

A

Electrons

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28
Q

What carries a single positive charge?

A

Protons

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29
Q

What is uncharged and neutral?

A

Neutrons

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30
Q

Why is the nucleus part of an atom always positively charged?

A

It contains protons.

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31
Q

The number of electrons is equal to the number of what?

A

Protons

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32
Q

The number of protons in an element is its what?

A

Atomic number.

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33
Q

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons equals what?

A

Atomic weight

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34
Q

Atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic weight are called what?

A

Isotopes

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35
Q

What may be stable or house unstable nuclei?

A

Isotopes

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36
Q

What are unstable isotopes called?

A

Radioactive

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37
Q

What are atomic fragments emitted by radioactive isotopes called?

A

Atomic radiation

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38
Q

How many types of radiation are there?

A

3

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39
Q

Alpha, beta, and gamma radiation are types of what?

A

Atomic radiation

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40
Q

Two or more atoms combined make a what?

A

Molecule

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41
Q

What is the shorthand to depict numbers and types of atoms in molecules called?

A

Molecular formula

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42
Q

Two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen in each molecule is the formula for what?

A

H2O, water

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43
Q

Atoms combined with other atoms are called what?

A

Bonds

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44
Q

Chemical bonds result from what?

A

Interactions of electrons

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45
Q

What encircles the nucleus and contains the electrons of an atom?

A

Electron shells

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46
Q

Electron shells are sometimes called what?

A

Energy shells

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47
Q

The number of electrons in the outermost shell determines if it will do what?

A

React with another atom

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48
Q

Atoms react in a way that leaves the outermost shell filled with electrons, says this rule.

A

Octet rule

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49
Q

If an atom cannot form chemical bonds it is said to be what?

A

Inert

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50
Q

Atoms that gain or lose electrons and become electrically charged are called what?

A

Ions

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51
Q

Positive charged ions are called what?

A

Cations

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52
Q

Negative charged ions are called

A

Anions

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53
Q

Ions with opposite charges attract, forming what?

A

Ionic bonds

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54
Q

Atoms can bond by sharing, instead of losing, what?

A

Electrons

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55
Q

Chemical bond between atoms that share electrons is called what?

A

Covalent bond

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56
Q

Unlike ions, this has an equal number of protons and electrons.

A

Polar molecule

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57
Q

Water is considered this kind of molecule.

A

Polar molecule

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58
Q

The attraction of the positive end of a polar molecule to the negative nitrogen or o Hagen end of another polar molecule is called what?

A

Hydrogen bond

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59
Q

True or false: hydrogen bonds are considered relatively strong.

A

False, they are weak.

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60
Q

Starting materials changed by chemical reactions are called what?

A

Reactants

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61
Q

Atoms, ions, or molecules formed at a reaction’s conclusion is called what?

A

Products

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62
Q

When two or more atoms, ions, or molecules bond to form more complex structure it is called what?

A

SynthesisA+B -> AB

63
Q

When bonds of a reactant molecule break down to form simpler molecules, atoms, or ions, it is called what?

A

Decomposition

64
Q

What is important in the growth of body parts and the repair of worn or damaged tissues?

A

Synthetic reactions

65
Q

When two different types of molecules trade positions it is called what?

A

Exchange reaction (replacement reaction)AB + CD -> AD + CB

66
Q

When the product or products can change back to the reactant or reactions it is called what?

A

Reversible reaction

67
Q

Molecules that influence the rates, but not the direction, of chemical reactions, and are not consumed in the process are called what?

A

Catalysts

68
Q

What releases ions in water?

A

Electrolytes

69
Q

Electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in water are called what?

A

Acids

70
Q

What combines with hydrogen ions?

A

Bases

71
Q

Bases can react with acids to neutralize them, forming water and electrolytes called what?

A

Salts

72
Q

Acid, base, and salt are the three what?

A

Electrolytes

73
Q

The hydrogen ion concentration is known as what?

A

pH scale

74
Q

Solutions with more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions are what?

A

Acidic

75
Q

Acidic solutions have a pH balance that is less than what?

A

7.0

76
Q

What regulates the pH value of the internal environment?

A

Homeostatic mechanisms

77
Q

Illness results when what?

A

pH changes

78
Q

What is the normal pH of blood?

A

7.35 to 7.45

79
Q

Blood pH of 7.5 to 7.8 is called what?

A

Alkalosis

80
Q

If blood pH falls to 7.0 to 7.3 it is called what?

A

Acidosis

81
Q

Chemicals that resist pH change are called what?

A

Buffers

82
Q

Organic compounds have what?

A

Carbon and hydrogen

83
Q

Chemicals without carbon and hydrogen are considered what?

A

Inorganic

84
Q

Inorganic substances usually dissolve in water and dissociate, forming ions. Thus, they are what?

A

Electrolytes

85
Q

Organic compounds that dissolve in water usually do not release ions, so they are called what?

A

Nonelectrolytes

86
Q

Most metabolic reactions occur in what?

A

Water

87
Q

What kind of charge does the nucleus of an atom always have?

A

Positive

88
Q

What is the charge of an elemental atom?

A

Neutral

89
Q

The second electron shell can hold a maximum of how many electrons?

A

8

90
Q

Chemically stable elements will not do what under ordinary conditions?

A

Chemically react

91
Q

What do carbon atoms tend to form?

A

Covalent bonds

92
Q

When atoms of different elements combine they form what?

A

Compounds

93
Q

What kind of formulas display the relative position of each atom?

A

Structural

94
Q

The following are all electrolytes except which one? NaOH, glucose, Carbonic acid, aluminum chloride

A

NaOH

95
Q

Which one of these molecular formulas represents a compound? H2, O2, N2, C6H12O6

A

C6H12O6

96
Q

The reaction NaCl -> Na+ + Cl-, as written, represents what type of reaction?

A

Decomposition reaction

97
Q

Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions (H+) in water are called what?

A

Acids

98
Q

DNA contains each of the following components, except which one? 5-carbon sugar, a single polynucleotide chain, phosphate group, organic base

A

A single polynucleotide chain

99
Q

Which element has the nuclear configuration of 12/6?

A

Carbon

100
Q

Of the following, which represents an organic compound? H2O, O2, nitrous oxide, C6H12O6

A

C6H12O6

101
Q

When a partially charged hydrogen comes near a partially charged oxygen on another atom, what kind of bond is formed?

A

Hydrogen bond

102
Q

Water tends to dissociate, forming ions; what pH value indicates that the [H+] equals the [OH-]?

A

7

103
Q

Which of these is the correct formula for a base? HCl NaOH, H2SO4, H2O

A

NaOH

104
Q

At what pH is a solution completely acidic?

A

0

105
Q

Two atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic weights are called what?

A

Isotopes

106
Q

What does a radioactive element do?

A

Undergoes nuclear disintegration

107
Q

Radiation in the form of two protons and two neutrons is the what?

A

Alpha particle

108
Q

What can be used to detect heart disease?

A

Thallium-201

109
Q

The only elements that have eight electrons in their outer orbitals and are therefore stable are the what?

A

Noble gases

110
Q

What happens to sodium when it loses its outer electron?

A

It becomes a positive ion

111
Q

In table salt, what kind of bonds hold the ions together?

A

Electrovalent

112
Q

What causes HCl to become an acid?

A

The release of H+

113
Q

A covalent bond is formed whenever two atoms do what?

A

Share electrons

114
Q

Building that contain radon in their structures can cause illness because radon will produce what?

A

Ionizing radiation

115
Q

What is the smallest particle of an element, which has the properties of an element?

A

An atom

116
Q

Decomposition is the opposite of what reaction?

A

Synthesis

117
Q

What is the term for a substance that can increase the rate of a reaction without becoming changed?

A

Catalyst

118
Q

Sodium chloride is an example of a what?

A

Electrolyte

119
Q

A solution with a pH of 7.35 is considered to be what?

A

Basic

120
Q

What is the most abundant compound in the body?

A

Water

121
Q

What is the main purpose for cellular oxygen?

A

It results in energy

122
Q

Which inorganic ion is required for ATP and nucleotides acid synthesis and is part of their structures?

A

Phosphate

123
Q

The following are monosaccharides except for which one? Glucose, sucrose, fructose, galactose

A

Sucrose

124
Q

Glycogen is a type of what?

A

Polysaccharide

125
Q

If a triglyceride were digested it would breakdown into glycerol and what?

A

Fatty acids

126
Q

Unsaturated fats are comprised of lipids that contain what?

A

Relatively few hydrogen atoms

127
Q

The following are steroids except which one? Cholesterol, estrogens, testosterone, phospholipid

A

Phospholipid

128
Q

Proteins are most important for the following functions except which one? Hormone structures, energy production, cell structures, antibodies

A

Energy production

129
Q

All nucleus acids must contain what?

A

Amino acids

130
Q

The molecule which contains the genetic information necessary to regulate cells is what?

A

DNA

131
Q

An electrically neutral atom bears what trait?

A

It contains the same number of electrons and neutrons

132
Q

Isotopes of the same element vary in the number of what that they contain?

A

Neutrons

133
Q

Which type of radiation emitted by a radioactive isotope can be the most penetrating, most damaging to living things?

A

Gamma radiation

134
Q

The molecules that Re changed by a reaction are called what?

A

Reactants

135
Q

A substance with a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.000001 g/L has a pH of what?

A

6 because there are six places after the decimal

136
Q

Animal polysaccharides are called what?

A

Glycogen

137
Q

A fatty acid in which the carbon atoms are all linked by single carbon-carbon bonds is said to be what?

A

Saturated

138
Q

Myoglobin, hemoglobin, and many enzymes are what kind of proteins?

A

Globular

139
Q

The smallest complete unit of an element is what?

A

An atom

140
Q

Which of the following does not belong with the others? Proton, neutron, electron, nucleus

A

Electron

141
Q

What is the sum of the neutrons plus protons equal to?

A

Mass number

142
Q

Which of the following is not nearly as abundant as the others in living cells? Na, Mn, P, N

A

Mn

143
Q

Th symbol Na+ is used to describe a what?

A

Sodium ion

144
Q

True or false: most chemical reactions are reversible in nature?q

A

True, most reactions can proceed in either direction, theoretically.

145
Q

True or false: the total pH range compatible with human life is 7.35 to 7.45 in the blood?

A

False: 7.35-7.45 is average, normal, but the total range for life is around 6.8 to 8.0.

146
Q

True or false: a person could not survive with a blood pH of 6 or 8.2.

A

True: the numbers are outside the range compatible with life.

147
Q

True or false: the presence of electrolyte in the body is ,ore important than their relative amounts.

A

False

148
Q

True or false: organic compounds must all contain the atom carbon

A

True

149
Q

True or false: the fundamental unit of polysaccharides is glucose

A

False

150
Q

Tue or false: all proteins function as catalysts or enzymes

A

False

151
Q

True or false: all proteins must contain nitrogen and amino acids

A

True

152
Q

True or false: atoms such as sodium that are in the first column of the periodic table have positive charges

A

False

153
Q

True or false: when sodium reacts with chlorine usually a covalent bond is formed

A

False, covalent bonds form between no metals

Anatomy & Physiology 101 (20 decks)

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