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Anatomy & Physiology 101 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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2
Q

Ribosomes are comprised of RNA that has been synthesized directly by the what?

A

Nucleolus

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3
Q

Hydrostatic refers to the pressure of the what?

A

The solvent

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4
Q

The process in which a single cell can produce daughter cells that are different from each other?

A

Differentiation

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5
Q

Movement of particles from higher to lower concentrations through a membrane, such as in dialysis, occurs by what?

A

Diffusion (filtration uses either gravity or pressure)

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6
Q

What functions as a sac-like or tubular network of structures that provides transport?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

Cells use up to 40% of their daily energy expenditure engaged in what important process?

A

Active transport (Active transport requires a lot of ATP)

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8
Q

Normal isotonic sodium chloride solution is __%.

A

0.9%

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9
Q

The type of proteins that guide cells on the move in the bloodstream to their destination ar a wound site are called what?

A

Cell adhesion molecules (cell adhesion molecules stop cells that are moving)

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10
Q

The golgi apparatus is involved in doing what to the cell membrane?

A

Modifying it, but not producing it.

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11
Q

During hyperplasia, cells are dividing at a rapid rate and may progress toward what kind of state?

A

Cancerous

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12
Q

The following are inclusions except which one? Glycogen, melanin, lipids, vesicles.

A

Vesicles

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13
Q

Chromatin is the term for the loosley coiled appearance of WHAT in a non-dividing cell?

A

DNA

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14
Q

True or false: The cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid monolayer?

A

False (It is made up of a phospholibit BILAYER)

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15
Q

Molecules soluable in WHAT can pass through the fatty acid portion of the cell membrane unassisted?

A

Lipids (like dissolves like)

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16
Q

Particles that are dissolved in a media are refered to as the what?

A

The solvent

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17
Q

Areas of tubular channels that interconnect cardiac muscles as well as muscle in the digestive tract are called what?

A

Gap junctions

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18
Q

The process called what explains how embryonic cells become specialized and diverse?

A

Differentiation

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19
Q

The phase of mitosis when the chromosomes align at the equator is called what?

A

Metaphase

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20
Q

The movement of particles from higher to lower concentration is termed what?

A

Diffusion

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21
Q

The protein ACTIN, which results in some type of movement or contraction, is found where?

A

In the microfilaments. (Cilia cause movements but do not contain actin.)

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22
Q

What is the source of most of the cell’s energy?

A

The mitochondrion

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23
Q

Which chemicals on the surface of cells function to attach to and recognize hormones?

A

Proteins

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24
Q

During differentiation, certain genes are what while others are activated?

A

Repressed

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25
Q

A transmission electron microscope can magnify a cell how many times?

A

1 million

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26
Q

Which organelle consists of microtubules and functions both in distributing chromosomes during cell division and in forming portions of cilia and flagella?

A

Centrosomes

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27
Q

In what stage of mitosis do the centromeres and chromosomes pull apart and begin migration towards the poles?

A

Anaphase

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28
Q

Hypertonic solutions tend to cause cells to do what?

A

Shrink (Cells will lose water and shrink in a hypertonic media because of the high osmotic pressure)

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29
Q

Anabolism, catabolism, and cellular respiration are all individual parts of what?

A

Metabolism

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30
Q

In receptor-mediated endocytosis, an LDL particle of cholesterol is attracted to cells that contain what?

A

Apoprotein-B receptors

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31
Q

What does catalase convert into oxygen and water, rendering it harmless?

A

Hydrogen peroxide

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32
Q

The cristae are structures found within what organelle?

A

Mitochondrion

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33
Q

The centromeres divide during what stage of mitosis?

A

Anaphase

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34
Q

A ribosome is an example of a what?

A

An organelle

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35
Q

What contains enzymes that are used to degrade foreign particles as well as cell structures?

A

Lysosomes

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36
Q

Which of the following does not belong with the others? Diffusion, osmosis, active transport, passive transport.

A

Active transport (it requires energy)

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37
Q

What contains enzymes that are associated with protein sythesis?

A

Ribosomes

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38
Q

Chromosomes are aligned along the equatorial line during which stage of division?

A

Metaphase

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39
Q

What processes of a cell move in wavelike patterns and are each attached to a basal body?

A

Cilia

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40
Q

Nuclear pores are only used for what kind of transport?

A

Nuclear to cytosol transport (and vice versa)

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41
Q

The movement of a salt through a membrane, such as in a kidney, because of pressure differences is called what?

A

Filtration

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42
Q

In active transport, energy is consumed by the cell membrane in the form of what?

A

ATP

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43
Q

The nucleolus functions mainly in the synthesis of what?

A

RNA

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44
Q

The following with increase the rate of diffusion except which factor? Increased temperature, increased concentration, increased molecular weight, shorter distances.

A

Increased molecular weight

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45
Q

A cell membrane allows only needed substances to pass and is therefore called what?

A

Selective

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46
Q

The rate of diffusion of a molecule is faster in areas of what?

A

Higher concentration

47
Q

The inside lining of the digestive tract is lined with cells that are held together by what kind of junctions?

A

Tight junctions

48
Q

What provides both structural support and the enzymes needed to make proteins from amino acid building blocks?

A

Ribosomes

49
Q

What contains enzymes that oxidize alcohol and attempt to convert it into forms that can be eliminated from the body?

A

Peroxysomes

50
Q

The structures that cause fluids and mucus to move across their surface are the what?

A

Cilia

51
Q

Catalase is an enzyme, which degrades what?

A

Hydrogen peroxide

52
Q

What contains catabolic enzymes?

A

Lysosomes

53
Q

Which channel-bocker medication can be used to treat hypertensin or angina pectoris?

A

Calcium

54
Q

At which stages does the chromosome number double?

A

Interphase

55
Q

Movement of molecules from low to high concentrations is called what?

A

Active transport

56
Q

What type of cell is a bacterium?

A

Prokaryotic

57
Q

As a result of mitosis, the number of chromosomes is what?

A

Doubled

58
Q

What term can be used to imply all of the chemical reactions within a cell?

A

Metabolism

59
Q

Tight junctions are a type of intercellular junction that do what?

A

Hold together certain cells

60
Q

By which process does a glucose molecule move through a cell membrane protein carrier from a region of greater concentration to one of lower concentration?

A

Facilited diffusion

61
Q

What functions to package molecules into vesicles that can be transported out of a cell?

A

Golgi aparatus

62
Q

What stage occurs when two daughter cells have completely formed?

A

Telophase (the last stage)

63
Q

True or false: Vesicles can form for things leaving a cell as well as entering?

A

True

64
Q

What kind of proteins in a membrane function as enzymes?

A

Peripheral. (They line the inner surface of the cell membrane.)

65
Q

What is bound by two layers of membrane called the nuclear envelope?

A

The nucleus

66
Q

During aging or apoptosis, the structure and dunction of the organelles and chromosomes undergo many what?

A

Degenerate changes

67
Q

Hormones come in contact with what kind of molecules in a membrane?

A

Rod-like protein molecules

68
Q

Osmosis is considered a special case of diffusion and is what in nature?

A

Passive

69
Q

Cancer cells can disseminate to other areas by a process called what?

A

Metastasis

70
Q

What contains membranes that are able to condense molecules into packages that can be transported?

A

Golgi aparatus

71
Q

The process that results in daughter cells with half of the original chromosome number is what?

A

Meiosis

72
Q

Which of the following are the smallest cells? Human ovum, red blood cel, white blood cell, smooth muscle cell.

A

Red blood cell. (It is 7.5 micrometers in diameter.)

73
Q

Two chromatids are attached at what region?

A

The centromere region

74
Q

What determines the function of a cell?

A

The structure

75
Q

The following molecules freely pass through a cell membrane except which one? Oxygen, carbon dioxide, amino acids, certain lipids.

A

Amino acids

76
Q

What is a general process of nuclear division called?

A

Karyokinesis

77
Q

DNA can be found within chromosomes during division but prior to division DNA exists as long thin stands of what?

A

Chromatin

78
Q

Only proteins have the ability to what?

A

Recognize another molecule

79
Q

In what part of the nucleus does ribosome production occur?

A

In the area of the nucleolus

80
Q

Membranous sacs that contain fluids or particles for transport are called that what?

A

Vesicles

81
Q

In biological systems, water is the what?

A

The solvent

82
Q

The cells in a heart muscle are often held together by areas called what?

A

Gap junctions

83
Q

What is the term for chemical particles in a cell which appear lifeless and have no obvious function?

A

Inclusion

84
Q

What is the organelle that plays a complex function in cell respiration?

A

Centriole. (Each centrosome organelle is comprised of two centrioles)

85
Q

True or false: a selectively permeable membrane allows proteins to pass through?

A

True

86
Q

The main division process in the early embryo is called what?

A

Mitosis

87
Q

Membranes that have a higher osmotic pressure on one side tend to do what?

A

Draw water towards that side

88
Q

The following belong together except which one? Microtubule microvilli, aid in DNA movement, comprise an internal skeleton.

A

Microvilli (they are simple columnar cells specialized for absorption)

89
Q

Chromatin is DNA and histone proteins arranged in what?

A

Strands

90
Q

What is the most critical factor in determining its function?

A

Shape

91
Q

In the liver, what may play a role in producing the enzymes that help detoxify drugs?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (it normally produces peroxisomes, which are likely to decompose toxins)

92
Q

During what phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

A

S phase

93
Q

What is the region near the middle of a chromosome that represents the attachment of two arms of a chromosome which are termed chromatids?

A

The centromere

94
Q

An intravenous solution that is labeled isotonic can be what to a patient?

A

Hypotonic

95
Q

What has chemicals the direct metabolic processes as well as reproduction?

A

DNA

96
Q

Two major parts of the cell are the nucleus and the… ?

A

Membrane

97
Q

Osmotic pressure is a force that what?

A

Attracts water towards the higher pressure (concentration)

98
Q

Is endocytosis passive or active?

A

Active

99
Q

True or false: Lysosomes degrade bacteria and worn cells, and can cause disease by destroying normal tissues

A

True

100
Q

The cristae are the inner portions of that what?

A

Mitochondria (the mitochondria inner surface is lined with folds called cristae which contain enzymes uned in energy production by sythesis of nucleotides such as ATP)

101
Q

True or false: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has a significant function in protein sythesis

A

False (the term smooth is to indicate the absence of ribosomes which are the sites for protein synthesis)

102
Q

What is important for producing the fibers that move the chromosomes during cell division?

A

Centrioles

103
Q

Filtration occurs when particles are forced through a membrane because of what?

A

HIgh hydrostatic or water pressure.

104
Q

One mechanism in the skin that prevents cells from becoming loose and separating is the presence of junctions called what?

A

Desmosomes

105
Q

In biological systems, water pressure is called what?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

106
Q

At equilibrium there is movement of molecules in all directions, but the concentrations of the particles is what?

A

The same at all points

107
Q

True or false: Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical toxic to most cells and is produced by some human cells.

A

True

108
Q

The ability of leukosyted to engulf bacteria is due to the process of what?

A

Phagocytosis

109
Q

Which of the following human cells do not have a flagellum? Sperm, kidneys, intestine, testes.

A

Intestine

110
Q

A combination of a sugar with a protein is a what?

A

Glycoprotein

111
Q

The centriole functions in what?

A

Cell division

112
Q

A human cell membrane is comprised of the following except which one? Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids.

A

Nucleic acids

113
Q

Chromosomes align midway between centrioles during what phase of mitosis?

A

Metaphase

Anatomy & Physiology 101 (20 decks)

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