Chapter 3 Flashcards
Ribosomes are comprised of RNA that has been synthesized directly by the what?
Nucleolus
Hydrostatic refers to the pressure of the what?
The solvent
The process in which a single cell can produce daughter cells that are different from each other?
Differentiation
Movement of particles from higher to lower concentrations through a membrane, such as in dialysis, occurs by what?
Diffusion (filtration uses either gravity or pressure)
What functions as a sac-like or tubular network of structures that provides transport?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cells use up to 40% of their daily energy expenditure engaged in what important process?
Active transport (Active transport requires a lot of ATP)
Normal isotonic sodium chloride solution is __%.
0.9%
The type of proteins that guide cells on the move in the bloodstream to their destination ar a wound site are called what?
Cell adhesion molecules (cell adhesion molecules stop cells that are moving)
The golgi apparatus is involved in doing what to the cell membrane?
Modifying it, but not producing it.
During hyperplasia, cells are dividing at a rapid rate and may progress toward what kind of state?
Cancerous
The following are inclusions except which one? Glycogen, melanin, lipids, vesicles.
Vesicles
Chromatin is the term for the loosley coiled appearance of WHAT in a non-dividing cell?
DNA
True or false: The cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid monolayer?
False (It is made up of a phospholibit BILAYER)
Molecules soluable in WHAT can pass through the fatty acid portion of the cell membrane unassisted?
Lipids (like dissolves like)
Particles that are dissolved in a media are refered to as the what?
The solvent
Areas of tubular channels that interconnect cardiac muscles as well as muscle in the digestive tract are called what?
Gap junctions
The process called what explains how embryonic cells become specialized and diverse?
Differentiation
The phase of mitosis when the chromosomes align at the equator is called what?
Metaphase
The movement of particles from higher to lower concentration is termed what?
Diffusion
The protein ACTIN, which results in some type of movement or contraction, is found where?
In the microfilaments. (Cilia cause movements but do not contain actin.)
What is the source of most of the cell’s energy?
The mitochondrion
Which chemicals on the surface of cells function to attach to and recognize hormones?
Proteins
During differentiation, certain genes are what while others are activated?
Repressed
A transmission electron microscope can magnify a cell how many times?
1 million
Which organelle consists of microtubules and functions both in distributing chromosomes during cell division and in forming portions of cilia and flagella?
Centrosomes
In what stage of mitosis do the centromeres and chromosomes pull apart and begin migration towards the poles?
Anaphase
Hypertonic solutions tend to cause cells to do what?
Shrink (Cells will lose water and shrink in a hypertonic media because of the high osmotic pressure)
Anabolism, catabolism, and cellular respiration are all individual parts of what?
Metabolism
In receptor-mediated endocytosis, an LDL particle of cholesterol is attracted to cells that contain what?
Apoprotein-B receptors
What does catalase convert into oxygen and water, rendering it harmless?
Hydrogen peroxide
The cristae are structures found within what organelle?
Mitochondrion
The centromeres divide during what stage of mitosis?
Anaphase
A ribosome is an example of a what?
An organelle
What contains enzymes that are used to degrade foreign particles as well as cell structures?
Lysosomes
Which of the following does not belong with the others? Diffusion, osmosis, active transport, passive transport.
Active transport (it requires energy)
What contains enzymes that are associated with protein sythesis?
Ribosomes
Chromosomes are aligned along the equatorial line during which stage of division?
Metaphase
What processes of a cell move in wavelike patterns and are each attached to a basal body?
Cilia
Nuclear pores are only used for what kind of transport?
Nuclear to cytosol transport (and vice versa)
The movement of a salt through a membrane, such as in a kidney, because of pressure differences is called what?
Filtration
In active transport, energy is consumed by the cell membrane in the form of what?
ATP
The nucleolus functions mainly in the synthesis of what?
RNA
The following with increase the rate of diffusion except which factor? Increased temperature, increased concentration, increased molecular weight, shorter distances.
Increased molecular weight
A cell membrane allows only needed substances to pass and is therefore called what?
Selective
The rate of diffusion of a molecule is faster in areas of what?
Higher concentration
The inside lining of the digestive tract is lined with cells that are held together by what kind of junctions?
Tight junctions
What provides both structural support and the enzymes needed to make proteins from amino acid building blocks?
Ribosomes
What contains enzymes that oxidize alcohol and attempt to convert it into forms that can be eliminated from the body?
Peroxysomes
The structures that cause fluids and mucus to move across their surface are the what?
Cilia
Catalase is an enzyme, which degrades what?
Hydrogen peroxide
What contains catabolic enzymes?
Lysosomes
Which channel-bocker medication can be used to treat hypertensin or angina pectoris?
Calcium
At which stages does the chromosome number double?
Interphase
Movement of molecules from low to high concentrations is called what?
Active transport
What type of cell is a bacterium?
Prokaryotic
As a result of mitosis, the number of chromosomes is what?
Doubled
What term can be used to imply all of the chemical reactions within a cell?
Metabolism
Tight junctions are a type of intercellular junction that do what?
Hold together certain cells
By which process does a glucose molecule move through a cell membrane protein carrier from a region of greater concentration to one of lower concentration?
Facilited diffusion
What functions to package molecules into vesicles that can be transported out of a cell?
Golgi aparatus
What stage occurs when two daughter cells have completely formed?
Telophase (the last stage)
True or false: Vesicles can form for things leaving a cell as well as entering?
True
What kind of proteins in a membrane function as enzymes?
Peripheral. (They line the inner surface of the cell membrane.)
What is bound by two layers of membrane called the nuclear envelope?
The nucleus
During aging or apoptosis, the structure and dunction of the organelles and chromosomes undergo many what?
Degenerate changes
Hormones come in contact with what kind of molecules in a membrane?
Rod-like protein molecules
Osmosis is considered a special case of diffusion and is what in nature?
Passive
Cancer cells can disseminate to other areas by a process called what?
Metastasis
What contains membranes that are able to condense molecules into packages that can be transported?
Golgi aparatus
The process that results in daughter cells with half of the original chromosome number is what?
Meiosis
Which of the following are the smallest cells? Human ovum, red blood cel, white blood cell, smooth muscle cell.
Red blood cell. (It is 7.5 micrometers in diameter.)
Two chromatids are attached at what region?
The centromere region
What determines the function of a cell?
The structure
The following molecules freely pass through a cell membrane except which one? Oxygen, carbon dioxide, amino acids, certain lipids.
Amino acids
What is a general process of nuclear division called?
Karyokinesis
DNA can be found within chromosomes during division but prior to division DNA exists as long thin stands of what?
Chromatin
Only proteins have the ability to what?
Recognize another molecule
In what part of the nucleus does ribosome production occur?
In the area of the nucleolus
Membranous sacs that contain fluids or particles for transport are called that what?
Vesicles
In biological systems, water is the what?
The solvent
The cells in a heart muscle are often held together by areas called what?
Gap junctions
What is the term for chemical particles in a cell which appear lifeless and have no obvious function?
Inclusion
What is the organelle that plays a complex function in cell respiration?
Centriole. (Each centrosome organelle is comprised of two centrioles)
True or false: a selectively permeable membrane allows proteins to pass through?
True
The main division process in the early embryo is called what?
Mitosis
Membranes that have a higher osmotic pressure on one side tend to do what?
Draw water towards that side
The following belong together except which one? Microtubule microvilli, aid in DNA movement, comprise an internal skeleton.
Microvilli (they are simple columnar cells specialized for absorption)
Chromatin is DNA and histone proteins arranged in what?
Strands
What is the most critical factor in determining its function?
Shape
In the liver, what may play a role in producing the enzymes that help detoxify drugs?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (it normally produces peroxisomes, which are likely to decompose toxins)
During what phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
S phase
What is the region near the middle of a chromosome that represents the attachment of two arms of a chromosome which are termed chromatids?
The centromere
An intravenous solution that is labeled isotonic can be what to a patient?
Hypotonic
What has chemicals the direct metabolic processes as well as reproduction?
DNA
Two major parts of the cell are the nucleus and the… ?
Membrane
Osmotic pressure is a force that what?
Attracts water towards the higher pressure (concentration)
Is endocytosis passive or active?
Active
True or false: Lysosomes degrade bacteria and worn cells, and can cause disease by destroying normal tissues
True
The cristae are the inner portions of that what?
Mitochondria (the mitochondria inner surface is lined with folds called cristae which contain enzymes uned in energy production by sythesis of nucleotides such as ATP)
True or false: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has a significant function in protein sythesis
False (the term smooth is to indicate the absence of ribosomes which are the sites for protein synthesis)
What is important for producing the fibers that move the chromosomes during cell division?
Centrioles
Filtration occurs when particles are forced through a membrane because of what?
HIgh hydrostatic or water pressure.
One mechanism in the skin that prevents cells from becoming loose and separating is the presence of junctions called what?
Desmosomes
In biological systems, water pressure is called what?
Hydrostatic pressure
At equilibrium there is movement of molecules in all directions, but the concentrations of the particles is what?
The same at all points
True or false: Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical toxic to most cells and is produced by some human cells.
True
The ability of leukosyted to engulf bacteria is due to the process of what?
Phagocytosis
Which of the following human cells do not have a flagellum? Sperm, kidneys, intestine, testes.
Intestine
A combination of a sugar with a protein is a what?
Glycoprotein
The centriole functions in what?
Cell division
A human cell membrane is comprised of the following except which one? Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids.
Nucleic acids
Chromosomes align midway between centrioles during what phase of mitosis?
Metaphase
