Chapter 9: Social Interaction

Question 1

Social Statuses.

Answer 1

Perceived positions in society that are used to classify individuals. We create a hierarchical structure with inequalities of material goods, social opportunities, social accepting skills.

Question 2

What are the three key types of statuses?

Answer 2

Ascribed, achieved and master statuses.

Question 2

Achieved status.

Answer 2

Status that is gained as a result of one’s effort or choices, such as being a doctor.

Question 3

Ascribed status.

Answer 3

One that is given involuntarily due to such factors as race, ethnicity, sex and family background.

Question 4

Master status.

Answer 4

Status by which a person’s most identified. Is pervasive in that person’s life.

Question 5

Pigeonholing.

Answer 5

We may view individuals only through the lens of their master status, without regard to any other personal characteristic.

Question 6

Roles

Answer 6

Set of beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms that define expectations for those who hold the status.

Question 7

Role performance.

Answer 7

Carrying out of behaviors associated with the given role.

Question 8

Role set.

Answer 8

Various roles associated with the status.

Question 8

Role Partner.

Answer 8

Behavior and expectations change as a result of the person with whom we’re interacting.

Question 9

Role conflict.

Answer 9

Difficulty in satisfying their requirements or expectations of multiple roles.

Question 10

Role exit.

Answer 10

Dropping of one identity for another.

Question 11

Role strain.

Answer 11

Difficulty in satisfying multiple requirements of the same role.

Question 12

Group

Answer 12

Also called social group. Consists of two or more people who share any number of similar characteristics as well as a sense of unity. The simplest form of social group is called a dyad ( 2 people), followed by a triad ( 3 people). Common characteristics shared by a social group include values, interests, ethnicities, social background, family ties, and political representation. Social groups also meet many of the needs we have; These groups provide an opportunity to belong and be accepted, and they offer protection, safety and support.

Question 13

In-group.

Answer 13

Social group with which a person experiences a sense of belonging or identifies a member.

Question 14

Out-group.

Answer 14

social group with which an individual does not identify. Can sometimes compete with or oppose in groups, creating group conflict.

Question 15

Peer group.

Answer 15

Group that consists of self selected equals associated by similar interests, ages or statuses.

Question 16

Family Group.

Answer 16

Not self selected, but determined by birth, adoption and marriage. May also struggle with cultural gaps.

Question 17

Reference group.

Answer 17

These are groups that Individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves.

Question 18

Primary group.

Answer 18

Interactions between members of the group are direct, with close bond providing warm personal and intimate relationships to members.

Question 19

Secondary Group.

Answer 19

The interactions are interpersonal and businesslike, with few emotional bonds and with the goal of accomplishing a specific purpose.

Question 20

Community and society.

Answer 20

Community refers to groups unified by feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, and geography. An example is families and neighborhoods. Society refers to less personal groups that are formed out of mutual self-interest, working together towards the same goal. An example is companies and countries.

Question 21

Network

Answer 21

Used to describe the observable pattern of social relationships among individuals or group. Patterns of relationship can be determined by mapping the interactions between individual units, the nature of which can be highly variable.

Question 22

Interaction process analysis.

Answer 22

Technique for observing, classifying and measuring the interactions within small groups. Today it is called system from multiple level observation of groups (SYMLOG). There are three fundamental dimensions of interaction: Dominance versus submission, friendliness Versus unfriendliness and instrumentally controlled versus emotionally expressive.

Question 23

Group conformity.

Answer 23

Individuals are compliant with the group’s goal, even when the group’s goal may be in direct contrast to the individual’s goal. It is usually related to groupthink.

Question 24

Immediate network.

Answer 24

Dense with strong ties.

Question 25

Network redundancy.

Answer 25

If there are overlapping connections with the same individual.

Question 26

Distant networks.

Answer 26

Loser and contain weaker ties. Immediate networks may be composed of friends, where distant networks may include acquaintances.

Question 27

Formal organization.

Answer 27

Developed during the Industrial Revolution As a way to maximize efficiency. There is a Explicit goal that guide the members and their activities. They have enforcement procedures that seek to control the activities of their members.

Question 28

Organizations.

Answer 28

Complex secondary groups that are set up to achieve specific goals and are characterized by having a structure in a culture.

Question 29

Characteristic institution.

Answer 29

The basic organization of society. In prehistoric times, the characteristic institution was primarily the kin, clan or sib. In modern times we have moved to bureaucracy

Question 30

Iron law of oligarchy.

Answer 30

States are democratic and bureaucracy system naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group. Even a group stablished with democratic principles and complete egalitarianism will ultimately centralize, placing power in the hands of a few key leaders.

Question 30

Bureaucracy.

Answer 30

Rational system of political organization, administration, discipline and control. Generally, a bureaucracy has these six characteristics: Paid, non-elected officials on a fixed salary; officials who are provided rights and privileges as a result of making their careers out of holding office; regular salary increases, seniority rights, and promotions upon passing exams or milestones; officials who entered their organization by holding an advanced degree or training; responsibilities, obligations, privileges, and work procedures rigidly defined by the organization; and responsibility for meeting the demands of one’s position.

Question 31

McDonaldization

Answer 31

Commonly used to refer to a shift in focus towards efficiency, predictability, calculability and control, and societal practices.

Question 32

Self presentation.

Answer 32

It is a form of impression management, The process of displaying ourself to society, both visually and through her actions, often to make sure others sees us in their best possible light.

Question 33

Basic model of emotional expression.

Answer 33

Was first established by Charles Darwin. Emotional expression involves a number of components: Facial expression behaviors, postures, vocal changes and physiological changes.

Question 33

Expressing and detecting emotions.

Answer 33

Expressed emotions include both verbal and nonverbal behaviors that communicate internal states. We can express emotions with or without conscious awareness.

Question 34

Appraisal model.

Answer 34

Closely related and accepts that there are biological predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced, but that there is a cognitive antecedent to the emotional expression.

Question 35

Social construction model.

Answer 35

Assumes that there’s no biological basis for emotion. Instead, emotions are based on experiences in the situation of context alone. One must be familiar with social norms for a certain emotion to perform the corresponding emotional behavior in a given social situation.

Question 36

Display rules.

Answer 36

Cultural expectations of emotions. Govern which emotion can be expressed into what degree. Emotional expression can be managed in several different ways: By simulating feelings, 1 does not actually feel; By qualifying, amplifying, or deifying feeling; By masking emotion with another emotion; Or by neutralizing any emotion expression whatsoever.

Question 37

Cultural Syndrome.

Answer 37

Shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values and behaviors among members of the same culture that organize around a central theme. Cultural syndromes influence the rules for expressing our suppressing emotions and can even influence the ways emotions are experienced.

Question 38

Impression management.

Answer 38

Refers to our attempt to influence how other perceives us. When describing impression management, theories described 3 “selves”: The authentic self, The ideal self and the tactical self.

Question 39

Ideal self.

Answer 39

To who we would like to be under optimal circumstances.

Question 40

Tactical Self.

Answer 40

Who we marked ourselves to be when we had the here to others expectations of us.

Question 41

Authentic self.

Answer 41

Describes who the person actually is, including both positive and negative attributes.

Question 42

Impression management strategies.

Answer 42

Self disclosure: Giving information about oneself to establish an identity.

Managing appearances: Using props, appearance and motional expressions or associations with others to create a positive image.

Ingratiation: Using flattering or conforming to expectations to win someone over.

Aligning actions: Making questionable behaviour acceptable through excuses.

Alter casting: Imposing an identity into another person.

Question 43

Erving Goffman impression management approach

Answer 43

dramaturgical approach: Using the metaphor of a theatrical performance to describe how individuals create images of themselves in various situations. A person’s front stage self is the persona they present to an audience. A backstage self is the persona adopted when not in a social situation, and there is no concern about upholding the performance of a desired public image.

Question 44

George Herbert Mead Theory

Answer 44

The part of self that is developed through interactions with society is Me. The development of the Me comes from considering the generalized order, which is based on a person’s established perceptions of the expectations of society. I Is the individual’s own impulses. A person’s impulses are shaped by their interpretation of society’s expectations. In short, the Me shapes the I.

Question 45

Communication.

Answer 45

Ability to convey information by speech, writing, signal, or behavior. Effective communication occurs when the desired message is received by the recipient.

Question 46

Nonverbal communication.

Answer 46

Refers to how people communicate intentionally or unintentionally, without words. Some examples are facial expressions, tone of voice, body position and movement, touches, and eye positioning.

Question 46

Verbal communication.

Answer 46

Transmission of information via the use of words, whether spoken, written or signed.

Question 47

Animal Communication.

Answer 47

Define as any behavior of one animal that affects the behavior of another. They Communicate within another through a variety of nonverbal means including body language, rudimentary feature expressions, visual display, scents, and vocalizations. Many animals, especially mammals, use facial expressions to indicate similar emotions to body language. Facial expression appeared to be more highly conserved between species than body language.