Chapter 5: Motivation, Emotion, and Stress.

Question 1

Motivation.

Answer 1

Purpose, our driving force, behind our actions. The primary views of motivation focus on intrinsic that illicit natural behavior, the desire to maintain optimal levels of arousal that you have to reduce uncomfortable states, and the goal of satisfying physiological and psychological needs.

Question 2

Intrinsic motivation.

Answer 2

Motivation that comes from within oneself. This can be driven by interest in a task or pure enjoyment.

Question 2

Extrinsic motivation.

Answer 2

Can include rewards for showing and desired behavior or avoiding punishment if the desired behavior is not achieved. Competition is a strong format of external motivation.

Question 3

Instinct theory.

Answer 3

Instincts which are innate fixed patterns of behavior. Some instincts last for an entire lifetime, while other may appear disappear with them. The instinct theory of motivation. Certain behaviors are based on evolutionary programmed instincts.

Question 4

Arousal

Answer 4

The psychological and physiological state of being awake and react to stimuli.

Question 5

Arousal Theory.

Answer 5

States that people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal. Seeking to increase arousal when it falls below their optimal level, and to decrease arousal so when it rises above their optimum level.

Question 6

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 6

Postulates a U-shaped functional between the level of arousal and performance. Performance is worse, are extremely high in low levels of arousal and optimal with some intermediate level. Lower levels are optimal for highly cognitive tasks, while higher levels are optimal for activities that require physical endurance and stamina.

Question 7

Drives

Answer 7

Defined as internal states of tension, they activate particular behaviors focused on goals. Drives help humans survive by recreating an uncomfortable state, ensuring motivation to eliminate the state or to relieve the internal tension created by unmet needs.

Question 8

Primary drives.

Answer 8

Include the need for food, water, and warmth motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis. Primary drives are those that motivate us to sustain necessary biological processes. Secondary drives are those that motivate us to fulfill non biological, emotional desires.

Question 8

Negative feedback.

Answer 8

Mechanism that controls homeostasis. For example, the concentration of many hormones of the endocrine system are regulated by three organ axes, such as hypothalamic, pituitary, adrenal axis.

Question 9

Homeostasis.

Answer 9

Regulation of the internal environment to maintain an optimal stable set of conditions. In homeostatic regulations, external factors are encountered and the system will react to push the system back to its optimal state.

Question 10

Secondary drives.

Answer 10

Additional drives that are not directly related to biological processes. They include certain emotions, such as the desire for nurturing, love, achievement and aggression.

Question 11

Drive Reduction theory.

Answer 11

Explained the motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states.

Question 12

Need based theory.

Answer 12

Energy and resources are located to best satisfy human needs. These needs may be primary needs, which are generally physiological needs such as the need for food, water, sleep and shelter. Or these needs might be secondary needs, which are generally mental states like a desire for power, achievement or social belonging.

Question 13

4 things that influence motivation.

Answer 13

Instincts, arousal, drives, needs.

Question 13

Needs

Answer 13

Long lasting feelings that require relief or satisfaction and tend to influence action.

Question 14

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

Answer 14

Classify needs into five groups and assign different levels of priority to each group. The first 4 levels of pyramid correspond to physiological needs, safety and security, love and belonging, and self esteem. The highest level of the pyramid corresponds to self actualization, or the need to realize one’s fullest potential. If the lowest level of need is not met, motivation to meet that need will be the highest priority. Once the lowest level of need is met, if additional need exists, they will be satisfied based on priority.

Question 15

Self determination theory (SDT)

Answer 15

Emphasizes the role of three universal needs: Autonomy, the need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas. Competence, the need to complete and excel at difficult tasks. Relatedness, the idea to feel accepted and wanted in relationships.

Question 16

Incentive Theory.

Answer 16

Explains the behaviors motivated not by need or arousal, but by the desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishment.

Question 17

Opponent process theory.

Answer 17

Motivations are considered destructive if they result in harm to oneself. This theory explained that when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its Physiology. The body will counteract repeat use of alcohol by increasing arousal. The problem with this reaction is that it will last longer than the drug, resulting in withdrawal Symptoms. They are exactly opposite of the effect of the alcohol.

Question 18

Sexual motivation.

Answer 18

Physiologically, humans are motivated to sexual behavior based on the secretion of estrogens, progesterone, and androgens. Culture and society influence what is deemed appropriate sexual behavior.

Question 18

Expectancy value theory.

Answer 18

States that the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result Of both the individuals expectations of success in reaching that goal and the degree to which the individuals value succeeding that that goal.

Question 18

Tolerance

Answer 18

Decrease in perceived drug effect over time.

Question 19

Emotion

Answer 19

Natural instinctive state of mind derived from one’s circumstance, mood or relationship with other.

Question 19

What are the three elements of emotion?

Answer 19

the physiological response comma the behavior response and the cognitive response

Question 19

Physiological response.

Answer 19

When a feeling is first experienced, arousal is stimulated by the autonomic nervous system. The physiological component includes changes in heart rate, breathing rate, skin temperature and blood pressure.

Question 20

Behavioral Response.

Answer 20

Behavioral component of an emotion includes facial expressions and body language. For example, smile, a friendly hand gesture.

Question 21

Cognitive Response.

Answer 21

Subjective interpretation of a feeling being expressed.

Question 22

Universal emotions.

Answer 22

Darwin explained that all humans involved the same set of facial muscles to show the same expressions when communicating emotion, regardless of their society or culture. Paul Eckman described the set of basic emotions they are recognized by societies around the world and further identify that six emotions are associated with consistent facial expressions across cultures.

Question 23

What are the seven Facially expressed emotions?

Answer 23

Happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger.

Question 24

Adaptive role of emotion.

Answer 24

Emotions are thought to be evolutionary adaptations due to situations encountered over the evolutionary history of the human species that guide sensory processing, physiological response, and behavior.

Question 25

Evolutionary Perspective.

Answer 25

States that everything we do, think, and feel is based on specialized functional programs designed for any problem we encounter.

Question 25

What were the first emotions to develop in the last?

Answer 25

Primal emotions were the first to develop, example with fear. More evolutionary progressive emotions include social emotions such as guilt and pride.

Question 26

Theories of emotion.

Answer 26

Cognitive component of emotion led to the physiological component, which then produced the behavior component. This explanation assumes that feelings precede arousal which precedes action.

Question 26

James-Lange Theory of Emotion.

Answer 26

a stimulus results for a seeing physiological arousal, which leads to a secondary response in which the emotion is labeled. An emotion would not be processed without feedback from the peripheral Organs. For example, a car cutting off on the highway is a stimulus for elevated heart rate and blood pressure. These physiological responses result in a cognitive labeling of anger.

Question 27

Cannon Bard Theory of Emotion.

Answer 27

The conscious experience of emotion in physiological arousal occurs simultaneously and then the behavior component of emotion. Visual stimuli passed through the telemus and rough information sent to the amygdala and the sympathetic nervous system action quickly follows. The visual cortex can either strengthen or quill this fear response once it identifies the stimuli.

Question 28

Schachter-Singer theory of Emotion (Cognitive arousal theory or the two factor theory)

Answer 28

States that two factors, physiological arousal and cognitive label, are needed to experience emotion. According to this theory, physiological arousal alone is insufficient to elicit an emotional response. To feel an emotion, one must consciously analyze the environment in relation to the nervous system arousal.

Question 29

The limbic system.

Answer 29

Complex set of structure that reside below the cerebrum or either side of the thalamus. Plays a large role in both motivation and emotion.

Question 30

Amygdala

Answer 30

Small round structure that signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotion. This region is associated with fear and also plays a role in human emotion through interpretation of facial expressions.

Question 31

Thalamus

Answer 31

Functions as a preliminary sensory processing station and routes information to the cortex and other appropriate areas of the brain.

Question 32

Hypothalamus

Answer 32

Located below, the Talamas synthesizes and release a variety of neurotransmitters. It serves many homeostatic functions and is involved in modulating emotion.

Question 33

Hippocampus.

Answer 33

It is in the temporal lobe. Is primarily involved in creating long term memories. The storage and retrieval of emotion memory scheme producing an emotional response. The hippocampus also aids in creating contracts for stimuli to lead to an emotional experience.

Question 34

What controls the explicit and implicit memory?

Answer 34

Explicit memory primarily is controlled by the hippocampus in the medial temporal lobe. Implicit memory is controlled by the amygdala.

Question 34

Conscious explicit memory.

Answer 34

Is the memory of experiencing the actual emotion. Remembering that you were happy at your high school graduation or that you were sad when you lost a loved one is explicit memory. Explicit memory of the emotion it produces a conscious memory of the experience.

Question 34

Unconscious implicit memory.

Answer 34

Referred to as an emotional memory. This is the storage of the actual feelings of emotions associated with an event. Implicit memory determines the expression of past emotions.

Question 35

Example of implicit memory versus explicit memory.

Answer 35

When looking at individuals with Post traumatic stress disorder. The explicit memory is the story of the event, what happened, where you occurred, who was involved, the fact that the scenario was traumatic, and so forth. The implicit memory corresponds to the sensations of unease and anxiety when put back into a similar environment.
(see page 222)

Question 35

Who is responsible for distinguishing and interpret other facial expressions?

Answer 35

Controlled by the temporal lobe, with some input from the occipital lobe. The right hemisphere is more active when discerning facial expressions than the left. There are also gender differences. Women demonstrating more activation of these brain areas than men.

Question 36

Prefrontal cortex.

Answer 36

Associated with planning, intricate cognitive function, expressing personality, and making decisions. The left prefrontal cortex is associated with positive emotions and the right prefrontal cortex with negative emotions.

Question 37

Dorsal prefrontal cortex.

Answer 37

Associated with attention and cognition.

Question 37

Ventral prefrontal cortex.

Answer 37

Connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion. Specifically, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex play substantial role in decision making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala.

Question 38

Autonomic nervous system.

Answer 38

Is also related to emotion, specific physiological reactions are associated with specific emotion.

Question 39

What is affected when experiencing emotion?

Answer 39

Skin temperature, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure.

Question 40

Cognitive appraisal of stress.

Answer 40

Cognitive appraisal is the subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress. It is divided into two stages. Stage 1, or primary appraisal, is the initial evaluation of the environment, the associated threat. There’s a appraisal can be identified as irrelevant, benign-positive or stressful. If primary appraisal reveals a threat, stage 2 appraisal begins. Secondary appraisal is Directed evaluating whether the Organism can cope with the stress. It evaluates harm, or damage caused by the event; threat, or the potential for future damage caused by the event; and challenge, or the potential to overcome and possibly benefit from the event. Some situations require ongoing monitoring through constant reappraisal, such as the perception of being followed.

Question 41

Types of stressors.

Answer 41

1) Environmental factors: uncomfortable temperature, loud noise, inclement weather.

2) Daily events: running late, losing items, unexpected occurrences.

3) Social expectations: demands placed on oneself by society, family and friends.

4) Working place or academic setting: Assignments, time management.

5) Chemical and biological stressors: diet, alcohol, drugs, viruses, allergies, medication, medical conditions.

Question 41

Stressor

Answer 41

Biological element, external condition, or event that leads to a stress response. The severity of stressors can range from minimal or irritating hassles to catastrophic scenarios.

Question 42

How are stressors classified?

Answer 42

Either causing distress or causing eustress.

Question 43

Distress

Answer 43

When a stressor is perceived as unpleasant example a threat.

Question 44

Eustress

Answer 44

Results of a positive perceived stress. Example a challenge.

Question 44

Social readjustment Rating scale.

Answer 44

Stress levels can be measured in life change units in This system.

Question 45

Conflict stresses.

Answer 45

Arise from the need to make a choice.

Question 46

Approach-Approach conflict

Answer 46

Refers to the need to choose between two desirable options.

Question 47

Physiological responses to stressors.

Answer 47

When subjected to stress, the body initially responds via the sympathetic nervous system. The fight or flight response initiates an increase in heart rate and decrease in digestion, with all available energy being reserved for reacting to the stressful event.

Question 47

Avoidance-avoidance conflict.

Answer 47

Choices between two negative options.

Question 48

Approach avoidance conflict.

Answer 48

Deal with only one choice, goal, but the outcome could have both positive and negative elements.

Question 49

What are some of the positive and negative effects of stress?

Answer 49

In the nervous system, when acute stress happens, it increase alertness and decrease pain perception. When chronic stress happens. Memory problems, heightening, risk of depressive disorders. In the endocrine system, when acute stress happens, adrenal secrete cortisol and other hormones to increase available energy. When chronic stress happens, there’s slow recovery from stress response due to the high level of cortisol and other hormones. In the immune system, when acute stress happens, time is in other glands and tissues primed for immune response. When chronic stress happens, it diminished immune response. In the circulatory system, when acute stress happened, it increased heart rate, vasoconstriction to direct more oxygen to muscle tissue. When chronic stress happens, there’s high blood pressure, heightening risk of cardiovascular disorder. In reproductive system, when acute stress happen, there’s temporary suspension of functions. When chronic stress happens, they’re heightening risk of infertility or miscarriage.

Question 49

General adaptation syndrome.

Answer 49

Sequence of physiological responses developed by Hans Selye. Consists of three distinct stages.

The first stage is alarm. It is the initial reaction to a stressor in the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone. This hormone stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol. The hypothalamus also activates the adrenal medulla, which secretes epinephrine and non-epinephrine to activate the sympathetic nervous system. The next stage is resistance, in which the continuous release of hormone allows the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged to fight the Stressor. Last, Apperson will experience exhaustion when the body can no longer maintain an elevated response with sympathetic nervous system activity. The person becomes more susceptible to illness and medical conditions.

Question 50

Coping and stress management.

Answer 50

Strategies for coping with stress Falling to two groups. Problem focused strategies involve working to overcome a stressor. For example, reaching out to a family member. Emotionally focused strategy centers on changing one’s feelings about a stressor. For example, distancing oneself from the issue. Exercise is a powerful stress management tool that not only improves health and well-being but also enhances mood.