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Behavioral Science > Chapter 1: Biology and Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Biology and Behavior Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Franz Gall

A

He developed the doctrine of phrenology. If a particular trait was well developed, then the part of the brain responsible for that tree would expand. This expansion would push the area of the skull that covered that part of the brain outward, and therefore would cause a bulge on the head.

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2
Q

Pierre Flourens

A

He did extirpation, also known as ablation. That is, when various parts of the brain are surgically removed, and the behavior consequences are observed. He noticed that specific parts of the brain had specific functions.

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3
Q

William James

A

He is also known as the Founder of American psychology. He’s known for the idea of functionalism, which study how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments.

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4
Q

John Dewey

A

He believed that psychology should focus on the study of the organism as a whole It functioned to adapt to the environment.

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5
Q

Paul Broca

A

Specific functional impairments could be linked with specific brain lesions. He correlated pathology with specific brain regions.

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6
Q

Hermann von Helmhotlz

A

He’s the 1st to measure the speed of a nerve. He linked behavior and underlying nervous system activity.

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7
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington

A

He was the first to infer the existence of synapses. He thought the synaptic transmission was electrical process. But we now know it is primarily chemical.

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8
Q

sensory neurons (afferent neurons)

A

Transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain

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9
Q

motor neurons (efferent neurons)

A

transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands.

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10
Q

interneurons

A

Are found between other neurons and are the most numerous of the three types of neurons. They are located predominantly in the brain and spinal cord and are often linked to Reflexive behavior.

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11
Q

reflex arcs

A

neural circuits

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12
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Composed of the brain and spinal cord.

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13
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Made-up of nerve tissue and fibres outside the brain and spinal cord. It includes all 31 pairs of nerves emanating from the spinal cord, which are called spinal nerves, and 12 pairs of nerves emanating directly from the brain, called cranial nerves. It connects the CNS to the rest of the body.

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14
Q

The Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is divided into:

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.

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15
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Consist of sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin, joints, and muscles. Transmits information towards the central nervous system through afferent fibers. Motor impulses, In contrast, travel from the central nervous system back. To the body along efferent fibers.

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16
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Generally regulate heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and glandular secretions. The autonomic nervous system manages the involuntary muscles associated with many internal organs and glands. It regulates body temperature by activating sweating. They are automatic or independent of conscious control.

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17
Q

The autonomic nervous system is divided into:

A

sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.

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18
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

It is activated by stress. It is usually associated with rage and fury actions, and it is also known as fight or flight reactions.

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19
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system.

A

The main role is to conserve energy. It is associated with resting and sleeping states.

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20
Q

Examples of Parasympathetic nervous system.

A

constricts pupils, simulates flow of saliva, constricts bronchi, slows heartbeat, stimulates peristalsis and secretions and contract bladder.

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21
Q

Examples of Sympathetic nervous system.

A

Increases heart rate, increases blood glucose concentration, Relaxes the bronchi, decreases digestion, dilates the eyes to maximize light intake.

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22
Q

The brain is covered with a thick, 3 layered sheet of connective tissue called_____, it helps protect the brain by keeping it anchored with the skull

A

Meninges

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23
Q

dura mater

A

Our layer of connective tissue and is connected directly to the skull.

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24
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle layers of fibrous, web like structure.

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25
Q

pia mater

A

Inner layer connected directly to the brain.

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26
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

Inner layer connected directly to the brain.

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27
Q

human brain 3 parts

A

hindbrain, the midbrain, the forebrain.

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28
Q

brainsteam

A

It is formed by the hindbrain and the midbrain. They were the brain structures that developed earlier and are the most primitive region of the brain.

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29
Q

limbic system

A

groups of neural strucutre primarily associated with emotion and memory. Aggression, fear, pleasure, and pain are all related to the limbic system.

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30
Q

cerebral cortex

A

also called neocortex because it is the most recent evolutionary development of the human brain, it is the outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres. It is associated with everything from language processing to problem solving, and from impulse control to long term planning.

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31
Q

forebrain

A

Cerebral Cortex

Basal ganglia

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Limbic system

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32
Q

midbrain

A

Inferior and Superior colliculi

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33
Q

hindbrain

A

Cerebellum.

Medulla oblongata.

Reticular formation.

Pons

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34
Q

neural tube

A

prenatal embryponic brain, composed of 5 total swellings in the mature neural tube (because the forebrain and hindbrain divide into 2 swealling)

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35
Q

hindbrain (rhombencephalon) controls:

A

balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestio, and geeneral arousal processes such as sleeping and waking. General vital fucntioning necessary for survival.

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36
Q

hindbrain (rhombencephalon) is divided into

A

myelecephanon (becomes the medulla oblogata)
metencephalon (becomes the pons and cerebellum)

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37
Q

medulla oblogata

A

regulating vital functions like breathing, heart rate and digestion

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38
Q

pons

A

contanins sensory and motor pathways between the cortex and the medulla

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39
Q

cerebellum

A

helps maintain posture and balance and coordinates body movements

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40
Q

midbrain (mesencephalon) function:

A

receives sensory and motor information from the rest of the body

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41
Q

colliiculli

A

nuclei in the midbrain

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42
Q

superior colliculli

A

receives visual sensory input

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43
Q

inferior colliculli

A

receives sensory information from the auditory system

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44
Q

forebrain (prosencephalon) function:

A

compex perceptual, cognitive and behavioral responses, like memory and emotion

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45
Q

forebrain (prosencephalon) is divided into:

A

telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and limbic system)
diencephalon (forms the thalamus, hypothlamus and posterior pituitary gland and pineal gland)

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46
Q

neuropsychology

A

study of functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain

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47
Q

cortical maps

A

electrical stimulation, the patient is awake and responsive

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48
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

electrical activity generated by larger groups os neurons

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49
Q

regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)

A

broad patterns of neural activity based on increase blood fllow to different parts of the brain, there is an assumption that blood flow increases to regions of the brain that are engaged in cognitve fuction

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50
Q

CT (computer tomography)

A

multiple X-rays are taken at different angles and processed by a computer to produce cross-sectional images of the tissue

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51
Q

PET (position emission tomography) scan

A

radioactive sugar is injected and absorved into the body, and its dispersion and uptake throughout the target tissue is imaged

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52
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance image)

A

magnetic field that interacts with hydrogen atoms is used to map out hydrogen dense regions of the body

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53
Q

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance image)

A

uses the same base technique as MRI but specifically measures changes associated with blood flow

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54
Q

thalamus

A

relay station for all incoming sensory information (except smell)

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55
Q

hypothalamus

A

serves as homeostatic fucntions, and is a key player in emotional experiences during high arousal states, aggresiive behavior and sexual behavior.

it is divided into lateral hypothalamus (LH), ventromedial hypholamus (VMH) and anterior hypothalamus

56
Q

lateral hypothalamus (LH)

A

hunger center, because it has special sensors that detect when the body needs more food

56
Q

ventromedial hypholamus (VMH)

A

provides signals to stop eating

56
Q

anterior hypothalamus

A

controls sexual behavior, also regulates sleep and body temperature

57
Q

posterior pituitary

A

site of the hypothalamic hormones antidiuretic homeone (ADH) and oxytocin

57
Q

basal glands

A

coordinate muscle movement as they receive information from the cortex and relay it to the brain and spinal cord, it helps make the movements smooth and our posture steady

58
Q

pineal gland

A

secrets a hormone called melatonin

59
Q

extrapyramidal system

A

gathers information about body position and carries it to the central nervous system

60
Q

basal glands disease

A

parkinson’s disease, loss of dopaminergic neurons, resitng tremors and jerky movements

61
Q

limbic system

A

group of interconnected structures looping around the central portion of the brain and is primarily associated with emotion and memory

its components include: septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex

62
Q

septal nuclei

A

primary preasure center in the brain, association with addictive behavior

63
Q

amygdala

A

structure plays a role in defensive and aggressive behavior, including fear and rage

64
Q

hyppocampus

A

plays a vital role in learning and memory process, it helps consolidade information to form long-term memories

65
Q

fornix

A

how the hippocamous communicates with other portions of the limbic system

66
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

not being able to establish new long-term memories

67
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

memory loss of vents that happened before the brain injury

68
Q

anterior cingulate cortex

A

higher cognitive processes, including regualation of impulse control and decision making

69
Q

gyri and sulci

A

cortex bumps and folds respectively

70
Q

4 lobes-

A

temporal lobe
pariental lobe
frontal lobe
occipital lobe

70
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

cerebrum is divided intot two halves

71
Q

frontal lobe

A

comprised of the prefrontal cortex and the motor cortex

72
Q

prefrotnal cortex

A

manages excutive function by supervising and directing the operations of other brain regions, to regulate attention and alertness

it is a good example of association area

73
Q

association area

A

area that integrates input from diverse regions of the brain

74
Q

projection area

A

more rudimentary perceptual and motor tasks

75
Q

primary motor cortex

A

initiate voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down the spinal cord toward the muscles

it is an example of projection areas

76
Q

“dominant” hemisphere

A

left hemisphere

76
Q

broca’s area

A

speech production

77
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

located in the postcentral gyrus (behind the central sulcus)

involved in somatosensory information processing, it is the destination for all incoming sensory signals for touch, pressure, temp and pain

78
Q

pariental lobe

A

the central part is associated with spatial processing and manipulation, it helps one orient oneself and other objects in three-dimensional space

it is composed of the somatosensory cortex

79
Q

occipital lobe

A

contains the visual cortex (also called the striate cortex)

it helps with visual processing and has implications in learning and motor control

80
Q

temporal lobe

A

contains the auditory cortex, primary site of most sound processing, including speech, music, …..

contains Wernicke’s area, associated with language reception and comprehension

81
Q

contralaterally

A

one side of the brain communicates with the opposite side of the body

81
Q

influences in behavior other than brain regions:

A

chemical control, heredity and enviroment

81
Q

ipsilaterally

A

one side of the brain communicates with the same side of the body

82
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical used by neurons to sen signals to other neurons

82
Q

nondominant hemisphere

A

associated with intuition, creativity, music cognition and spatial processing, it is more sensitive to the emotional tone of spoken language, and permits us to recognize other’s moods based on visual and auditory cues

82
Q

dominant hemisphere

A

usually the left, is primarily analytic in function, making it well-suited for managing details. Language, logic and math skills for example. Language production and language comprehension are primarily driven by the dominant hemisphere.

83
Q

agonist

A

drug that mimics the actions of some neurotransmitter

84
Q

antagonits

A

drugs can also act by blocking the action of a neurotransmitter

85
Q

acetylcholine

A

Found in PNS and CNS.
In the PHS is used to transmit nerve impulses to the muscles, it is a neurotransmitter used by the parasympathetic NS and a small portion of the sympathetic NS.
It is an excitatory neurotransmitter.

In the CNS is has been linked to attention and arousal

86
Q

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

A

controls alertness and wakefulness. They are a primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system and promote a fighht-ot flight response.

low levels os norepinephrine are associated with depression while high levels are associated with anxiety and mania.

86
Q

what are the catecholamines/monoamines/biogenic amines

A

Dopamine, Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

87
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A

hormones that are associated with adrenaline

88
Q

dopamine

A

role in movement and posture, high levels of dopaine in the basal ganglia which helps smooth movements

imbalances in dopamine transmission have been found to play a role in schzophrenia

88
Q

what is important about catecholamines/monoamines/biogenic amines?

A

role in emotions

89
Q

dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

A

delusions, hallucinations and agitation associated with schizophrenia arise from either too much dopamine or too little.

90
Q

serotonin

A

Play a role in regulating mood, eating, sleeping, and dreaming. An oversupply of serotonin is thought to produce manic states, and undersupply is thought to produce depression.

90
Q

serotonin

A

it is a monoamine or biogenic amine

91
Q

Glycine

A

Serves as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system by increasing chloride influx into the neuron. This hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane.

91
Q

GABA

A

Produces inhibitory postsynaptic potential, and it’s thought to play an important role in stabilizing neural activity in the brain. It causes hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.

91
Q

GLutamate

A

It is excitatory neurotransmitter.

92
Q

Peptide neurotransmitters are also called:

A

Neuromodulators or neuropeptides

93
Q

Neuromodulators or neuropeptides

A

Neuromodulators are therefore relatively slow and have longer effects on postsynaptic cell than neurotransmitters.

94
Q

endorphins

A

natural pain killers produced in the brain

95
Q

hypothalamus

A

links the endocrine and nervous system and regulates pituitary gland

95
Q

Endocrine System

A

It is an internal communication network in the body and it uses chemical messengers called hormones. It is slower than the nervous system because hormones travel to their target destinations through the bloodstream.

96
Q

anterior pituitary

A

It is the master because it releases hormones that regulate activities of endocrine glands elsewhere in the body. Is releases hormones into the bloodstream to travel to other endocrine glands. Once activated by the pituitary, a given gland manufactures and secrets its own characteristic hormone into the bloodstream.

96
Q

adrenal glands

A

Are located at the top of the kidney. It is divided between the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex.

The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine as part of the sympathetic nervous system.

The adrenal cortex produces hormones called corticosteroids, which include the stress hormone cortisol. It also contributes to sexual functioning, producing testosterone and estrogen.

96
Q

How is the control of the pituitary gland maintained by the hypothalamus?

A

Through endocrine release of hormones into the hypophyseal portal system.

97
Q

gonads

A

They are the sex glands of the body. The ovaries in females, testes in males. They released the Sex hormones in higher concentrations. These sex hormones increase libido and contribute to mating behaviors in sexual function.

98
Q

Innate behavior

A

It’s genetically programmed as a result of evolution and is seen in all individuals regardless of environment or experience.

98
Q

Learned behaviors.

A

Not based on heredity, but instead are based on experience and environment.

98
Q

Adaptive value.

A

Extent to which a tree or behavior positively benefits the species by influencing the evolutionary fitness of the species, thus leading to adaptation through natural selection.

99
Q

family studies

A

Rely on the fact that genetically related individuals are more similar genotypically than unrelated individuals. Researchers may compare rates of a given trait among family members to rates of that trade among unrelated individuals. Families studies cannot distinguish shared environmental factors from shared genetic factors.

100
Q

Concordance rates.

A

Refer to the likelihood that both twins exhibit the same trait.

100
Q

twin studies

A

Comparing concordance rates for a trade between monozygotic and dizygotic twins, are better able to distinguish their relative effects of shared environments and genetics.

101
Q

Adoption studies

A

Compare the similarities between biological relatives and the child who was adopted to similarities between adoptive relatives and the child.

102
Q

Nature versus nurture.

A

Nature is the influence of inherited characteristics and behavior. Nurture refers to the influence of environment and physical surroundings on behavior.

103
Q

reflex

A

Is the behavior that occurs in response to a given stimulus without higher cognitive input. Infants have a number of primitive reflexes that disappear with age.

103
Q

Critical periods.

A

These are specific periods in development where children are particularly susceptible to environmental factors.

104
Q

neurulation

A

Occurs when the ectoderm, overlying the notochord, begins to furrow, forming a neural groove surrounded by two neural faults. Remainder of the floral closes to format neural tube. The narrow tube has an alar plate, which differentiates into sensory neurons, and a basal plate which is the motor neuron.

105
Q

placenta

A

Transmits food, oxygen, and water to defeat us while returning water and waste to the mother. A number of viruses or bacteria can cross the placenta and cause damage to the developing fetus.

106
Q

rootign reflex

A

Is the automatically turning of the head in the direction of a stimulus that touches the cheek.

106
Q

Moro reflex

A

Infant react to abrupt movement of their heads by flinging out their arms, then slowly retracting their arms and crying.

107
Q

Babinski reflex

A

causes toes to spread apart automatically when the soul of the fruit is simulated

107
Q

Gross motor skills

A

Movements from large muscles groups and whole body motions, such as seating, crawling, and walking.

108
Q

Fine motor skills.

A

Smaller muscles of the fingers, toes, and eyes, providing more specific and delicate movements.

109
Q

Stranger anxiety.

A

A fear of unfamiliar individuals that developed around seven months.

110
Q

Separation anxiety.

A

A fear of being separated from the parent figure develops around one year.

111
Q

Developmental milestones.

A

Several abilities and behaviors that are expected to emerge at a particular time in a person’s development.

112
Q

Gross motor skills progression.

A

Progress in a head to toe order: Children first developing their ability to lift their head, then to stabilize the trunk, and finally to walk. Skills being developed at the core prior to extremities.

113
Q

Social skills progression.

A

Move from being parent oriented to self oriented to other oriented.

Behavioral Science (13 decks)

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