Chapter 10: Social Thinking Flashcards
Interpersonal attraction.
Individuals liking each other. Some factors that affect attraction are similarity, self disclosure, reciprocity and proximity. The more symmetric someone’s faces, the more physically attractive people tend to perceive that person to be. Body proportion approximating the golden ratio. We tend to be attracted to people who are similar to us in attitudes, intelligence, education, height, age, religion, appearance, and socioeconomic status.
Self disclosure.
Sharing one’s fears, thoughts and goals with another person in being met with non judgmental empathy.
Reciprocal liking.
Phenomenon whereby people like others better when they believe the other person likes them.
Proximity
Just being physically close to someone plays a factor in attraction to a person.
Amygdala
Part of the brain responsible for associating stimuli and their corresponding rewards or punishments. Reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex has been linked to increased aggressive behavior.
Mere Exposure Effect or Familiarity Effect
Tendency for people to prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently. For example, not liking a song at the first time, but after hearing it more times you end up liking it.
Aggression.
Define as a behavior that intends to cause harm or increase social dominance. Aggression can take the form of physical actions as well as verbal or nonverbal communication. It helps organisms gain access to resources such as food, additional territory or mates.
Aggression and hormonal control.
Higher levels of testosterone have been linked to more aggressive behavior in humans irrespective of sex or gender.
Cognitive neoassociation model.
States that we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions such as being tired, sick, frustrated or in pain. Another factor that contributes to aggressive behavior is exposure to violent behavior.
Secure attachment.
Seen when a child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore what knowing that there is a secure base to return to. It’s thought to be a vital aspect of a child’s social development. The child will be upset at the departure of the caregiver and will be comforted by the return of the caregiver.
Attachment.
Emotional bond between a caregiver and a child that begins to develop during infancy. There are four main types of attachment styles that have been described: Secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized.
Insecure attachment.
Avoidant, ambivalent, or disorganized.
Ambivalent attachment.
Occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectfully. A child cannot consistently rely on the caregivers response. This is sometimes referred to as anxious-ambivalent attachment because the child is always anxious about the real ability of the caregiver. The child will be very distressed on separation, but has a mixed response when the caregiver returns.
Avoidant attachment.
Results when the caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child. Given the choice, these children will show no preference between a stranger and a caregiver. They show little or no distress when the caregiver leaves and little or no relief when the caregiver returns.
Disorganized attachment.
Showing no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregivers absence or presence, but instead can show a mix of different behaviors. It may also be a red flag for abuse.
Social support.
Perception or reality that one is scared for by a social network. There are many different categories: Emotional, esteem, material, informational and network support. Social support helps reduce psychological distress such as anxiety and depression.
Emotional support
Listening, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feelings.
Esteem Support
Affirming the qualities and skills of a person. Reminding others of the skill they possess to tackle a problem can bolster their confidence.
Material support.
Also called tangible support. Is any type of financial or material contribution to another person
Informational support.
Refers to providing information that will help someone.
Foraging
Seeking out and eating food is driven by biological, psychological and social influences. The sensation of hunger is controlled by the hypothalamus. Specifically, the lateral hypothalamus promotes hunger, while the ventromedial hypothalamus responds to cues that we are full and promotes satiety. Certain genes play a role in the onset of foraging behaviors and the division of tasks between members of the same group. Cognitive skills play a role in the success of both solitary and group foraging. This skills include spatial awareness, memory, and decision making.
Network support.
Type of social support that gives the person a sense of belonging.
Mating system.
Describe the organization of a group sexual behavior. It can include monogamy, polygamy, and promiscuity.
Monogamy.
Refers to an exclusive mating relationship.
Polygamy
Having exclusive relationships with multiple partners. Having exclusive relationships with multiple females is called polygyny. And with multiple males is called polyandry.
Promiscuity.
Refers to a member of one sex meeting with others without exclusivity.
Made choice.
Or intersexual selection. Is this selection of a may based on attraction
Mate bias
Refers to how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate. This bias is an evolutionary mechanism aimed at increasing the fitness of the species. It may carry direct benefits by providing material advantages, protection or emotional support, or indirect benefits by promoting better survival in offspring.
