Chapter 12: Social Stratification

Question 1

Social class.

Answer 1

Define as a category of people who share a similar socioeconomic position in society and can be an edified by looking at the economic opportunities, job positions, lifestyles, attitudes and behaviors of a given slice of society.

Question 2

Social Cohesion.

Answer 2

Social integration refers to the solidarity in the sense of connectedness among different social groups and social classes.

Question 3

Social Stratification.

Answer 3

Focuses on social inequalities and studies the basic question of who gets what and why. Social stratification is thus related to one socioeconomic status, Which may depend on ascribed or achieved status.

Question 4

Ascribed status.

Answer 4

Derives from clearly identified characteristics such as age, gender, and skin color.

Question 5

Achieved status.

Answer 5

Acquired via direct individual efforts.

Question 6

Educational Attainment.

Answer 6

Which is the highest degree obtained or number of years of education completed

Question 7

Class

Answer 7

There are three major classes, upper, Middle and lower. The upper class consists of those who have great wealth, along with recognized reputations and lifestyles, and have a larger influence on society’s political and economic system. They have a high concentration of prestige and power. The middle class can be further divided into 3 levels, upper middle, middle-middle and lower middle class. The middle class includes successful business and professional people (upper-middle). Those who have been unable to achieve the upper middle lifestyle because of educational and economic shortcomings (middle-middle) and those who are skilled and semi-skilled workers with fewer luxuries (lower middle). The lower class includes people who have lower incomes and has a greatly reduced amount of social political power.

Question 8

Socioeconomic gradient.

Answer 8

Proportional improvement in healthcare as one moves up in socioeconomic status.

Question 9

Prestige

Answer 9

Amount of positive regard society has for a given person or idea.

Question 10

Class consciousness.

Answer 10

Refers to the organization of the working class around shared goals and recognition of a need for collective political action.

Question 10

Power

Answer 10

Described as the ability to affect others behaviors through real or perceived rewards and punishments, and is based on the unequal distribution of valued resources. Power creates worldwide social inequalities as we put into fall somewhere within the haves and have nots.

Question 11

False consciousness.

Answer 11

A misconception of one’s actual position within society.

Question 12

Anomie

Answer 12

Social inequality is further accelerated by what is called anomie. Which refers to a lack of widely accepted social norms and the breakdown of social bonds between an individual and society. Strain theory focuses on how anomic conditions can lead to deviance. Social solidarity Is the sense of community and social cohesion. Anomic condition is suppose industrial modern life have accelerated the decline of social inclusion and as a result, have further obstructed opportunities to acquire social capital.

Question 13

Social Capital.

Answer 13

Investment people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards. The greater the investment, the higher the level of social integration, which is the movement of new or underrepresented populations into a larger culture while maintaining their ethnic identities. Social networks can create two types of social inequality: Situation (socioeconomic advantage) and position of (based on how connected one is within a network and one centrality within that network).

Question 14

Privilege

Answer 14

Inequality in opportunity.

Question 15

Weak ties.

Answer 15

Refer to social connections. They are personally superficial such as associates, but they are large number and provide connections to wide range of other individuals.

Question 15

Cultural Capital.

Answer 15

Benefits one receives from knowledge, abilities and skill.

Question 16

Strong ties

Answer 16

Refer to peer group in kinship contacts which are quantitatively small but qualitative powerful.

Question 17

Intersectionality.

Answer 17

Compounding of this advantage seeing individuals who belong to more than one undeserved group.

Question 18

Social Mobility.

Answer 18

Also known as structural mobility, is typically the result of an economic and occupational structure that allows one to acquire higher level employment opportunities given proper credential and experience requirements.

Question 19

Vertical mobility.

Answer 19

Upward and downward mobility. It is the movement from one social class to another. Upward mobility is a positive change in a person’s social status, resulting in a higher position. Downward mobility is the opposite and negative change in a person’s social status where they fall to a lower position.

Question 19

Intragenerational mobility.

Answer 19

Changes in social status that happen within a person’s lifetime.

Question 20

Meritocracy.

Answer 20

Social structure, in which intellectual talent and achievement are means for a person to advance up the social ladder.

Question 20

Intergenerational mobility.

Answer 20

Changing social status from parent to children.

Question 21

Poverty.

Answer 21

Defined by low socioeconomic status and a lack of possessions or financial resources.

Question 21

Social Reproduction.

Answer 21

Social Reproduction.

Question 22

Social Reproduction.

Answer 22

Based on the concept of holes in the structure of society being more responsible for poverty than the action of an individual.

Question 23

Absolute poverty.

Answer 23

Socioeconomic condition in which people do not have enough money or resources to maintain a quality of life that includes basic life necessities such as shelter, food, clothing, and water.

Question 23

Relative poverty

Answer 23

People have less income and wealth in comparison to the larger population in which they live.

Question 24

Poverty line.

Answer 24

Derived from the government calculation of the minimum income requirement for families to acquire the minimum necessities of life. Does not take into account the cost of living in different communities.

Question 25

Social Exclusion.

Answer 25

Can a rise from a sense of powerlessness when individuals who are poor or otherwise disadvantage view segregated and isolated from society. These feelings are similar to anomic conditions, which tend to further accelerate social inequality.

Question 26

Spatial inequality.

Answer 26

Focuses on social stratification across territories and their populations. Examining space helps to illuminate social inequalities because it attains to how geography influences social processes.

Question 27

Residential segregation.

Answer 27

The cultural diversity of urban neighborhoods offer personal greater range of opportunities than normally found in rural areas. Affluent neighborhood starting to have more homeowners, professionals and managers, college graduates and higher quality schools. Low income neighborhoods tend to have greater poverty, unemployment rates, lower quality schools and higher rates of homelessness.

Question 28

Suburbanization.

Answer 28

Greater concentration of individuals who are poor nervous centers help to explain suburbanization or the migration pattern of the middle classes to suburban communities.

Question 29

Urban Decay.

Answer 29

Previously functional portion of AC deteriorates and becomes decrypted over time. This process can be reversed in the process of urban renewal, in which city land is reclaimed and renovated for public or private use.

Question 30

Gentrification

Answer 30

Upper middle class populations begin to purchase and renovate neighborhoods in deteriorated areas.

Question 31

Environmental Justice.

Answer 31

Forward living conditions and dangerous environmental conditions can result in an increase in illness and disease.

Question 32

World system theory.

Answer 32

Categorizes countries and emphasizes the inequalities of the division of labor at the global level. Core nations focus on higher skills and higher paying productions while exploiting peripheral nations for their lower skilled productions. Semi peripheral nations are midway between the two.

Question 33

Social Epidemiology.

Answer 33

branch of epidemiology that studies the ways in which health and disease correlate to social advantage and disadvantage. The wealthier tend to have better health and better access to healthcare. Poor health conditions and lower life expectancy are some of the many consequences of social stratification.

Question 34

Incidence

Answer 34

Define is the number of new cases of illness per population and risk in a given amount of time. Know the incidence is relative to the population at risk, not the total population.

Question 35

Prevalence.

Answer 35

Measure of the number of cases of an illness overall, whether new or chronic, per population in a given amount of time.

Question 36

Morbidity

Answer 36

Burden or degree of illness associated with the given disease.

Question 36

Mortality

Answer 36

Deaths caused by a given disease.

Question 37

Inequities in health.

Answer 37

Science has clearly demonstrated that poor environmental and social factors negatively impact health. Health is opinion only on geography, but also on social and economic factors. Low income groups are more likely to have poorer health, be uninsured and die younger than middle or upper class adults. Members of the lower class overall are four times more likely to view themselves in worse health compared to affluent groups. African American appeared to have a worse health profile in comparison to white Americans, showing higher rates of deaths linked to cancer, heart disease, diabetes, drugs and alcohol. Women have a better health profile than men. Men are far less likely to seek medical attention than a woman. Women tend to suffer more from illness and disabilities than men, but their conditions are less often life threatening.

Question 38

Welfare state.

Answer 38

The system of government that protects the health and well-being of its citizens.

Question 39

Second Sickness.

Answer 39

Exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice.

Question 40

Inequities in healthcare.

Answer 40

Quality healthcare favored those in higher social classes. Medicare covers patients over the age of 65, those with end stage renal diseases and those with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Medicaid cover patients who are in significant financial need. Many physicians will not accept such public insurance programs. Low income groups have higher mortality rates, include poor access to quality medical care for nutrition and feeling less in control in their life circumstances. Race-concordant patient physician relationships, the patient and physician are of the same race, whereas they are of different races in a race-discordant relationship. African American, Asian Americans, American Indians, and Hispanic Americans receive worse hair than white Americans. There’s a high discrimination rate against overweight and obese patients. Patients were overweight and obese are less likely to have quality preventative care. Women tend to be favored by the healthcare system.