Chapter 9: Social Interaction

Question 1

________ ________ are perceived positions in society that are used to classify individuals.

Answer 1

Social statuses

Question 2

What are the 3 key types of statuses?

Answer 2

1. ascribed
2. achieved
3. master

Question 3

________ status is one that is given involuntarily (usually at birth), due to race, ethnicity, sex, and family background.

Answer 3

ascribed

Question 4

________ status is a status that is gained as a result of one’s efforts or choices, such as being a doctor.

Answer 4

achieved

Question 5

People can hold multiple statuses at the same time (status set), but one’s ________ status is the status by which a person is most identified. Affects them the most and how people view themselves.

Answer 5

master

Question 6

Each status is associated with ________, or sets of beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms that define expectations for those who hold the status.

Answer 6

roles

Question 7

________ ________________ is the carrying out of behaviors associated with a given role.

Answer 7

Role performance

Question 8

Behaviors and expectations change as a result of the ________ ____________, the person with whom one is interacting.

Answer 8

role partner

Question 9

The various roles associated with a particular status are referred to as a ________ ________.

Answer 9

role set

Question 10

________ ________ is the difficult in satisfying the requirements/expectaions of multiple roles.

Answer 10

Role conflict

Question 11

________ ________ is the difficult in satisfying multiple requirements of the same role.

Answer 11

Role strain

Question 12

________ ________ is the dropping of one identity for another.

Answer 12

Role exit

Question 13

A ________ consists of 2+ people who share any number of similar characteristics and a sense of unity.

Answer 13

group

Question 14

The simplest of social groups is called a ________ (2 people), followed by a ________ (3 people.

Answer 14

dyad; triad

Question 15

An ___-_______ is a social group with which a person experiences a sense of belonging or identifies as a member. An ____-________ refers to a social group with which an individual does not identify.

Answer 15

in-group;out-group

Negative feelings towards an out-group are usually generated not by dislike of the out-group but rather absence of favoritism for the out-group compared to the in-group

Question 16

Out-groups can sometimes compete with or oppose in-groups, creating ________ ________.

Answer 16

group conflict

Question 17

A ________ ________ is a group that consists of self-selected equals associated by similar interests, ages, or statuses.

Answer 17

peer group

provides friendship and feelings of belonging

Question 18

A ________ ________ is not self-selected, but determined by birth, adoption, and marriage.

Answer 18

family group

Question 19

____________ ________ are groups that individuals use a standard for evaluating themselves.

Answer 19

Reference groups

Question 20

In a ________ group, interactions between members are direct, with close bonds providing warm, personal, and intimate relationships. They last a long time and include a core circle of friends, tightly knit family, or team members.

Answer 20

primary

Question 21

In a ________________ group, interactions are impersonal and businesslike, usually with few emotional bonds and with the goals of accomplishing specific purpose.s

Answer 21

secondary

Question 22

German scoiologist Ferdinand Tonnies distinguishes 2 major types of groups. His theory is known as ________________ ____ ________________, which translates to community and society.

Answer 22

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

Question 23

Gemeinschaft (________________) refers to groups unified by feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography, e.g. families and neighborhoods.

Answer 23

community

Question 24

Gesellschaft (________) refers to less personal groups formed out of mutual self-interests working toward the same goal, e.g. companies and countries.

Answer 24

society

Question 25

________ ________ ________ is a technique for observing, classsifying, and measuring interactions within small groups.

Answer 25

Interaction process analysis

Question 26

Interaction process analysis was revised in the 70s to the ________ for ________ ________ ___________ ____ ___________ (SYMLOG), which is based on the belief that there are 3 fundamental dimensions of interaction: dominance vs. submission, friendliness vs. unfriendliness, and instrumentally controlled vs. emtoinally expressive.

Answer 26

system for multiple level observation of groups

Question 27

_______ ___________ is when individuals are compliant with the group’s goals, even when the group’s goals may be in direct contrast to the individual’s goal. This is an attempt to fit in and be accepted.

Answer 27

Group conformity

Question 28

____________ is related to group conformity and occurs when members focus on reaching a consensus at the cost of critical evaluation of relevant informaiton.

Answer 28

Groupthink

Question 29

The term ________ is used to describe the observable pattern of social relationships among individuals or groups.

Answer 29

network

Question 30

If there are overlappting connections in a network with the same individual, this is called ________ ________.

Answer 30

network redundancy

Question 31

____________ networks are dense with strong ties, whereas ________ networks are looser and contain weaker ties.

Answer 31

Immediate; distance

friends vs. acquaintances

Question 32

________________ are complex secondary groups that are set up to achieve specific goals and are characterized by having structure and culture, e.g. frats, political orgs, music groups, etc.

Answer 32

organizations

Question 33

The modern ________ organization developed during the Industrial Revolution as a way to maximize efficeincy; derives from explicit goals that guide members and activities.

Answer 33

formal

Question 34

The basic organization of society is found in its ________________ ________________. In prehistoric times, this was usually the kin, clan, or sib. Today, cities are the urban centers of trade and commerce, thus bureaucracy is now this thing.

Answer 34

characteristic institution

Question 35

A ________________ is a rational system of political organization, administration, discipline, and control.

Answer 35

bureaucracy

slow to change and less efficient

Question 36

The ________ ________ of ________________ states that democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group because of the necessity of a core body of individuals to carry out day-to-day activities, need for specialization, and leadership characteristics of specific members.

Answer 36

iron law of oligarchy

Question 37

________________ is commonly used to refer to a shift in focus toward efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control in societal practices.

Answer 37

McDonaldization

Question 38

Whenever we try to influence others’ perception with respect to a person, object, or event, we are engaging in ________________ ________________.

Answer 38

impression management

Question 39

One form of impression management is ________-________________, the process of displaying ourselves to society both visually and through our actions, often to make others see us as best as possible.

Answer 39

self-presentation

Question 40

The ________ ________ of ________________ ________________ was first extablished by Charles Darwin. He said that emotional expression involves components like facial expression, behavior, posture, vocal change, and physiological change.

Answer 40

basic model of emotinal expression

Question 41

The ____________ model is closely related to the basic model of emotional expression and accepts that there are biologically predetermined expressions once an emotion is expereinced, but that there is a cognitive antecedent to emotional expression.

Answer 41

appraisal

Question 42

The ________ ________________ model assumes that there is no biological basis for emotions, rather they are based on expereinces and situational context alone. Certain emotions can only exist within social encounters and emotions are expressed differently across cultures.

Answer 42

social construction

must be familiar with social norms for a certain emotion to perform the corresponding emotional behaviors in a given social situation

Question 43

Cultural expectaions of emotions are often referred to as ________ rules.

Answer 43

display

Question 44

A cultural ____________ is a shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, and behaviors among members of the same culture that are organized around a celentral theme. They influence the rules for expressing/suppressing emotions and influence how they are experienced.

Answer 44

syndrome

Question 45

________________ ________________ refers to our attempts to influence how others perceive us. This id one by regulating or controlling information we present about ourselves in social interactions.

Answer 45

Impression management

Question 46

There are three different types of selves in relation to impression management. What are they?

Answer 46

1. Authentic self
2. Ideal self
3. Tactical self

Question 47

The ________________ self describes who the person actually is, including both positive and negative attributes.

The ________ self is who we would like to be under optimal circumstances.

The ____________ self is who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to others’ expectations of us.

Answer 47

authentic
ideal
tactical (like ought)

Question 48

________-________________ is giving information about oneself to establish an identity.

Answer 48

self-disclosure

Question 49

________ ________ involves using props, appearance, emotional expression, or associations with others to create a positive image.

Answer 49

Managing appearances

Question 50

____________ involves using flattery or conforming to expectations to win someone over.

Answer 50

Ingratiation

Question 51

________ ________ involves making questionable behavior acceptable through excuses.

Answer 51

Aligning actions

Question 52

________-________ involves imposing an identity onto another person

Answer 52

Alter-casting

Question 53

Erving Goffman described impression management through the ________________ ________, using the metaphor of a theatrical performance to describe how individuals create images of themselves in various situations.

Answer 53

dramaturgical approach

Question 54

A person’s ________ ________ ________ is the persona they present to an audience, it will adapt based on the situation.

Answer 54

front stage self

Question 55

The ________ ________ ________ is the persona adopted when not in a social situation and there is no concern about upholding the performance of a desired public image.

Answer 55

back stage self

Question 56

George Herbert Mead described the self in 2 parts called the Me and the I. The part of self that is developed through interaction with society is the Me. The development of Me comes from considering the ________________________ ____________, which based on a person’s perceptions of the expectations of society.

Answer 56

generalized other