Chapter 8: Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior Flashcards
People tend to perform better on tasks in front of others, this is ________ ____________.
social facilitation
According to the ________-________ law of social facilitation, being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal. How does this affect the ability to do simple vs. complex tasks?
Yerkes-Dodson; enhances ability for simple tasks, hinders performance for complex tasks
________________ describes the loss of one’s self-awareness in a group setting and the associated adoption of a more group oriented identity.
Also known as?
Deindividution
Mob mentality
Deindividuation often leads to ____________________ behavior, that is, behavior not socially acceptable in most social circumstances. Where is this often seen?
antinormative behavior; often seen in riots or crowds
________________ effect is another observed phenomenon that occurs in social groups wherein individuals do not intervene to assist those who are in perceived need when other people are present.
bystander
The likelihood and timeliness of response in the bystandard effect is ____________ related to the # of bystanders.
inversely
What explains bystander effect?
People are less likely to notice danger in groups. People also take cues from other people. If someone doesn’t respond, others are less likely to respond. Lastly, amount of responsibility felt by bystanders.
________ ____________ refers to the tendency of individuals to reduce effort when in a group setting.
Social loafing
________ are individuals who are regarded as equals within a social group.
Peers
________ ____________ refers to the social influence placed on an individual by one’s peers.
Peer pressure
Changes in belief or behavior due to peer pressure can be explained by the ____________ ________ ________.
identity shift effect
The identity shift effect highlights a larger theme in psych: ________________ ________________, which is the simultaneous presence of 2 opposing thoughts or opinions that cause tension that an individual will strive to minimize.
cognitive dissonance
Will typically follow the crowd to avoid social rejection
________ ________________ describes the tendency for groups to collaboratively make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members within the group.
Group polarization
In group polarization, groups can either make riskier decisions, which is known as ________ ________, or make overly cautious decisions, ________ ________.
risky shift, choice shift
________________ refers to a social phenomenon in which desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision.
Groupthink
desire for harmony and minimal conflict results in quick consensus
What are some of the eight factors that are indicative of groupthink?
- Illusion of invulnerability: encourage risks
- Collective rationalization: ignore concerns
- Illusion of morality: believe group ideas are morally correct
- Excessive stereotyping: stereotype those with outside opinions
- Pressure for conformity: pressured not to express opinions
- Self-censorship: withhold ideas and opinions that disagree with the group
- Illusion of unanimity: believe that others are just going to agree
- Mindguards: protect group from opposing views
A ____ is abehavior that is transiently viewed as popular and desirable by a large community.
fad
________ ____________ refers to a shared, intense concern about the threats to society.
Mass hysteria
________ can be defined as the beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people.
Culture
When traveling outside of one’s own society, these cultural differences can seem quite dramatic and are often referred to as ____________ ____________.
culture shock
Cultural ________________ is the process by which an individual’s or group’s behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group.
assimilation
An alternative to assimilation is the creation of ____________ ____________, which are locations with a high concetnration of one specific ethnicity, e.g. Chinatown.
ethnic enclaves
________________ also known as cultural diversity, refers to communities or societies containing multiple cultures or ethnic groups. This encourages, respects, and celebrates cultural differences.
Multiculturalism
____________ refer to groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong. They can be formed based on race, gender, ethnicity, sexuality, and other differentiating factors from the whole of society.
Subcultures
In the case of ________________, the subculture group gravitates toward an identity that is at odds with the majority culture and deliberately opposes the prevailing social mores.
counterculture
________________ refers to the process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs.
Socialization
Beliefs, customs, and cultural norms are often passed down from one generation to another within a society in a process called ________________ ____________________.
Cultural transmission
Spread of norms, customs, and beliefs from one culture to another can also occur, and is called ____________ ________________.
cultural diffusion
____________ ________________ occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society, primarily through observation of our caregivers and other adults in close proximity.
Primary socialization
____________ ____________________ is the process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society. Occurs outside of the home, like school or church.
Secondary socialization
________________ ____________________ is the process by which a person prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations or relationships.
Anticipatory socizliation
e.g. shadowing a doctor
____________________ is the process by which one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones.
Resocialization
e.g. OCS indoctrination
________ are societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior. ________ are widely obesrved social norms.
norms; mores
While norms are not laws, they do provide a mechanism for regulating the behavior of individuals and groups and thereby serve as a means of ________ ________.
social control
Penalties for misconduct or rewards for appropriate behavior, called ____________, can also be used to maintain social control.
sanctions
negative = punish deviant behavior
positive = reward compliant behavior
________ sanctions are enforced by social institutions like governments or employers and can include promotion or jail sentence.
Formal
____________ sanctions are enforced by social groups, like sitting at a particular table in the cafeteria or social exclusion.
Informal
________ are norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions, e.g. shaking hands.
Folkways
Any part of society that is important when learning social norms and values is called an ________ of ____________________.
agent of socialization
____________ refers to any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society.
Deviance
________ ________ is the extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society.
Social stigma
Deviance, stigmatization, and reputation are strongly linked with the labeling theory. What does theory posit?
Labels given to a person affect not only how others respond to that person, but also their own self-image
Internalizing a label and assuming the role implied by the label may lead to the assumed role taking over a person’s identity, a phenomenon known as ________ ________________.
role engulfment
According to ________________ ________________ theory, deviance, particularly criminal behavior, can be learned through interactions with others. It is the degree to which one is surrounded by ideals that adhere to social norms vs. ideals that go against them.
differential association theory
someone who interacts with deviants will likely do it too
________ theory attempts to explain deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure.
strain
____________ is matching one’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group or societal norms.
Conformity
Conformity is also known as ____________ ____________.
majority influence
The Asch experiments showed the strength of social influence on ________________ ________________, the desire to fit into a group because of fear of rejection.
normative conformity
________________ involves changing one’s behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group.
Internalization
________________ refers to the outward acceptance of others’ ideas without personally taking on these ideas.
Identification
What is a popular experimental example of conformity?
Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment - prisoners and guards, fell into their roles
____________ is a change in behavior based on a direct request.
Compliance
The ____________________________ technique begins with a small request, and after gaining compliance, a larger request is made.
foot-in-the-door
The next technique is called the ____________________ technique, which is where a large request is made at first and, if refused, a second, smaller request is made.
door in the face
Another common compliance method is ____________ technique, where the requester will get an initial commitment from an individual, then raise the cost of the commitment.
lowball
Another compliance method is the ________________ technique in which an individual is made an offer, but before making a decision, is told the deal is even better than expected.
that’s not all
While compliance deals with requests made by people without actual authority over an individual, ________________ is changing one’s behavior in response to a direct order or expectation expressed by an authority figure.
obedience
What is popular experimental example of obedience?
Stanley Milgram’s teacher/learner giving shocks - participants very obedient
Social ________________ focuses on the ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior.
cognition
An ____________ is the expression of positive or negative feeling toward a person, place, thing, or scenario.
attitude
What are the 3 primary components of attitude?
- affective
- behavioral
- cognitive
The ____________ component of attitude refers to the way a person feels toward something, and is the emotional component of attitude.
affective
The ________________ component of attitude is the way a person acts with respect to something.
behavioral
Finally, the ________________ component of attitude is the way an individual thinks about something.
cognitive
The functional attitudes theory states that attitudes serve what four functions?
- knowledge
- ego expression
- adaptation
- ego defense
The ________ function can be summerized as follows: attitudes help provide thought/experience organization, and knowing the attitudes of others helps predict behavior.
knowledge
Attitudes facilitate being ____-____________, allowing us to communicate and solidfy our self-identity.
ego-expressive
e.g. wearing a team hat
____________ attitude is the idea that expressed socially acceptable attitudes will lead to acceptance.
adaptive
Lastly, attitudes are ____-____________ if they protect our self-esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong.
ego-defensive
____________ theory posits that attitudes are developed through different forms of learning. What are some examples?
Learning; direct instruction, others’ attitudes, observation, classical/operant conditioning
The ________________ ________________ model is a theory of attitude formation and attitude change that separates individuals on a continuuum based on how they process persuasive information.
elaboration likelihood
One extreme of the elaboration likelihood model is those who elaborate extensively (think deeply scrutinize meaning, etc.), this type of deep thinking is called ____________ ____________ processing.
central route
When an attempt to influence attitudes uses information that appeals to central route processing, this attempt is said to be using the __________ __________ to ______________.
central route to persuasion
In the elaboration likelihood model, those who do not elaborate and focus instead on superficial details such as the appearance of the person delivering the argument, catchphrases and slogans, and credibility. This type of processing is known as _________________ _________ processing.
peripheral route
When attempts to influence attitudes appeal to peripheral route processing, these attempts are said to be using the ___________________ ___________ to _________________.
peripheral route to persuasion
________ ____________ theory postulates that people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others.
social cognitive
