Chapter 8: Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior Flashcards
People tend to perform better on tasks in front of others, this is ________ ____________.
social facilitation
According to the ________-________ law of social facilitation, being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal. How does this affect the ability to do simple vs. complex tasks?
Yerkes-Dodson; enhances ability for simple tasks, hinders performance for complex tasks
________________ describes the loss of one’s self-awareness in a group setting and the associated adoption of a more group oriented identity.
Also known as?
Deindividution
Mob mentality
Deindividuation often leads to ____________________ behavior, that is, behavior not socially acceptable in most social circumstances. Where is this often seen?
antinormative behavior; often seen in riots or crowds
________________ effect is another observed phenomenon that occurs in social groups wherein individuals do not intervene to assist those who are in perceived need when other people are present.
bystander
The likelihood and timeliness of response in the bystandard effect is ____________ related to the # of bystanders.
inversely
What explains bystander effect?
People are less likely to notice danger in groups. People also take cues from other people. If someone doesn’t respond, others are less likely to respond. Lastly, amount of responsibility felt by bystanders.
________ ____________ refers to the tendency of individuals to reduce effort when in a group setting.
Social loafing
________ are individuals who are regarded as equals within a social group.
Peers
________ ____________ refers to the social influence placed on an individual by one’s peers.
Peer pressure
Changes in belief or behavior due to peer pressure can be explained by the ____________ ________ ________.
identity shift effect
The identity shift effect highlights a larger theme in psych: ________________ ________________, which is the simultaneous presence of 2 opposing thoughts or opinions that cause tension that an individual will strive to minimize.
cognitive dissonance
Will typically follow the crowd to avoid social rejection
________ ________________ describes the tendency for groups to collaboratively make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members within the group.
Group polarization
In group polarization, groups can either make riskier decisions, which is known as ________ ________, or make overly cautious decisions, ________ ________.
risky shift, choice shift
________________ refers to a social phenomenon in which desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision.
Groupthink
desire for harmony and minimal conflict results in quick consensus
What are some of the eight factors that are indicative of groupthink?
- Illusion of invulnerability: encourage risks
- Collective rationalization: ignore concerns
- Illusion of morality: believe group ideas are morally correct
- Excessive stereotyping: stereotype those with outside opinions
- Pressure for conformity: pressured not to express opinions
- Self-censorship: withhold ideas and opinions that disagree with the group
- Illusion of unanimity: believe that others are just going to agree
- Mindguards: protect group from opposing views
A ____ is abehavior that is transiently viewed as popular and desirable by a large community.
fad
________ ____________ refers to a shared, intense concern about the threats to society.
Mass hysteria
________ can be defined as the beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people.
Culture
When traveling outside of one’s own society, these cultural differences can seem quite dramatic and are often referred to as ____________ ____________.
culture shock
Cultural ________________ is the process by which an individual’s or group’s behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group.
assimilation
An alternative to assimilation is the creation of ____________ ____________, which are locations with a high concetnration of one specific ethnicity, e.g. Chinatown.
ethnic enclaves
________________ also known as cultural diversity, refers to communities or societies containing multiple cultures or ethnic groups. This encourages, respects, and celebrates cultural differences.
Multiculturalism
____________ refer to groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong. They can be formed based on race, gender, ethnicity, sexuality, and other differentiating factors from the whole of society.
Subcultures
In the case of ________________, the subculture group gravitates toward an identity that is at odds with the majority culture and deliberately opposes the prevailing social mores.
counterculture
________________ refers to the process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs.
Socialization
Beliefs, customs, and cultural norms are often passed down from one generation to another within a society in a process called ________________ ____________________.
Cultural transmission
Spread of norms, customs, and beliefs from one culture to another can also occur, and is called ____________ ________________.
cultural diffusion
____________ ________________ occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society, primarily through observation of our caregivers and other adults in close proximity.
Primary socialization
____________ ____________________ is the process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society. Occurs outside of the home, like school or church.
Secondary socialization
