Chapter 10: Social Thinking Flashcards
A component of attraction lies in the opportunity for ____-____________, or sharing one’s fears, thoughts, and goals with another person and being met with nonjudgmental empathy.
self-disclosure
________________ ________ is the phenomenon whereby people like others better when they believe the other person likes them.
Reciprocal liking
____________, or being physically close to someone, plays a factor in attraction to a person.
Proximity
The ________ ____________ effect or ____________ effect is the tendency for people to prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently.
mere exposure; familiarity
________________ is defined as a behavior that intends to cause harm or increase social dominance.
Aggression
The ____________ is the part of the brain responsible for associating stimuli and their corresponding rewards or punishments.
amygdala
tells us whether something is a threat
Higher-order brain structures, such as the ____________ cortex, can hit the brakes on a revved-up amygdala, reducing emotional reactivity and impulsiveness.
prefrontal
Higher levels of ________________ have been linked to more aggressive behavior in humans irrespective of sex or gender.
testosterone
The ____________ ________________ model states that we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions, such as being tired, sick, frustrated, or in pain.
cognitive neoassociation
Another factor that contributes to aggressive behavior is exposure to ____________ behavior.
violent
________________ is an emotional bond between a caregiver and a child that begins to develop during infancy.
Attachment
What are the 4 main attachment styles?
- Secure
- Avoidant
- Ambivalent
- Disorganized
____________ attachment is seen when a child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore, knowing there is a secure base to return to.
Secure
____________ attachement results when the caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child. Kids will share no preference between a stranger and caregiver.
avoidant
________________ attachment occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectfully. Child cannot consistently rely on caregiver; will be distressed on separation, but may be ambivalent upon return.
Ambivalent
Children with ________________ attachment show no clear pattern of behavior in response to caregiver’s absence/presence.
Disorganized
____________ ____________ is the perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network.
Social support
____________ support is listening, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feelings.
emotional
________ support is similar, but touches more directly on affirming the qualities and skills of a person.
Esteem
____________ support is any type of financial/material contribution to another person.
Material
____________ support refers to providing information that will help someone.
Informational
____________ support is the type of social support that gives a person a sense of belonging.
Network
________, or seeking out and eating food, is driven by biological, psychological, and social influences.
Foraging
The sensation of hunger is controlled by the ________________.
hypothalamus
The ________ hypothalamus promotes hunger, while the ____________________ hypothalamus responds to cues that we are full and promotes satiety.
lateral, ventromedial
____________ refers to an exclusive mating relationship.
Monogamy
____________ means having exclusive relationships with multiple partners.
Polygamy
Having exclusive relationships with multiply females is called ____________ and with multiple males is called ____________.
polygyny; polyandry
____________ refers to a member of one sex mating with others without exclusivity.
Promiscuity
Mate ________, or ____________ selection, is the selection of a mate based on attraction.
choice; intersexual
Mate ________ refers to how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate. Can carry direct benefits like material advantage or protection, but also indirect benefits like promoting better survival of offspring.
bias
What are the 5 recognized benefits of mate choice?
- Phenotypic benefits - observable traits that indicate increased production and survival of offspring
- Sensory bias - development of a trait to match a preexising preference that exists in the population
- Fisherian or runaway selection - a particular trait that has no effect or a negative effect on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time
- Indicator traits - signify good health and well-being
- Genetic compatibility
____________ is a form of helping behavior in which the individual’s intent is to benefit another at some cost to the self.
altruism
____________ is the ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another, and is thought to influence helping behavior greatly.
empathy
The empathy-altruism hypothesis is one explanation for the relationship between empathy and helping behavior. What does it describe?
One individual helps another person when feeling empathy for the other person, regardless of the cost.
When an ____________________ ____________ strategy is adopted by a given population in a specific environment, natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising. The strategies are thus inherited traits passed along with the population, with the object of the game being becoming more fit than competitiors.
evolutionary stable
The ________-________ game focuses on shared food resources. The (____) strategy involves escalated fighting until the individual adopting it is forced to withdraw or its opponent gives way; the (____) strategy involves conventional fighting—the individual adopting it retreats before getting injured if its opponent escalates.
Dove-Hawk; Hawk, Dove
Game payoffs refer to fitness; the hawk and dove strategies can coexist
____________ ____________ is a measure of an organism’s success in the population; this is based on the # of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of offspring to support others.
Inclusive fitness
Inclusive fitness promotes the idea that ____________ behavior can improve the fitness/success of a species as a whole.
altruistic
Social ________________ provides the tools to make judgments and impressions regarding other people.
social perception
____________ are explanations for the causes of a person’s actions.
attributions
What are the 3 components of social perception?
- perceiver
- target
- situation
The ____________ is influenced by experience, motives, and emotional state. Motives influence what we deem important or choose to forget.
perceiver
The ________ refers to the person about which the perception is made. Knowledge of the target can include past experiences or specific info that affect perception.
target
The ____________ is also important in developing perception. A given social context can determine what info is available to the perceiver.
situation
The ____________ effect is the idea that first impressions are often more important than subsequent impressions.
primacy
Sometimes it is actually the most recent info we have about an individual that is the most important in forming out impressions; this is the ____________ effect.
recency
Individuals tend to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics that are most relevant to the perceiver. This is the ________________ on ____________ ____________.
reliance on central traits
The ____________ ________________ theory states that there are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and their behavior are related. Making assumptions about people based on the category in which they are placed is known as ________________.
implicit personality; stereotyping
The ________ effect is a cognitive bias in which judgments about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one’s overall impression of the individual.
halo
The ________- ________ hypothesis: good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people; noble actions are rewarded, evil is punished.
just-world
________-____________ bias refers to the fact that individuals credit their own successes to internal factors and blame their failure on external factors. Why do we do this?
self-serving; protects self-esteem
________-________________ focuses on the need to maintain self-worth, which can be accomplished in part by the self-serving bias.
self-enhancement
________-____________ suggests people will seek the companionship of others who see them as they see themselves, thereby validating a person’s self-serving bias.
self-verification
____-________ bias refers to the inclination to view members in one’s group more favorably, while ____-________ bias refers to the inclination to view individuals outside one’s group harshly.
in, out
____________ theory describes how individuals infer the causes of other people’s behavior.
Attribution
____________ (internal) attributions are those that relate to the person whose behavior is being considered, including beliefs, attitudes, and personality characteristics.
Dispositional
____________ (external) attributions are those that relate to features of the surroundings, such as threats, money, social norms, and peer pressure.
Situational
________________ cues refers to the behavior of a person over time. The more regular the behavior, the more we associate that behavior with the motives of the person.
consistency
____________ cues relate to the extent to which a person’s behavior differs from others. If a person deviates from socially expisted behavior, we are likely to form a dispostional attribution about the person’s behavior.
Consensus
____________________ cues refer to the extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios. If a person’s behavior varies in different scenarios, we are more likely to form a situational attribution to explain it.
Distinctiveness
The ________________ ________________ theory focuses on the intentionality of others’ bejavior. When an individual unexpectedly performs a behaviors that helps or hurts us, we tend to explain the behavior by dispositional attribution.
correspondent interference
The ________________ ________________ error posits that we are generally biased toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions when judging the actions of others.
fundamental attribution
________________ ________________ occurs when individuals must make judgments that are complex, but instead they substitute a simpler solution or apply a heuristic.
Attribute substitution
____________ refer to the expectations, impressions, and opinions about the characteristics of members of a group. ____________ reflects the overall attitude and emotional response to a group. ____________ refers to differences in actions toward different groups.
Stereotypes; prejudice; discrimination
When do stereotypes typically occur?
When you have limited and superficial info about a person/group of individuals
The ____________ ____________ model attempts to classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in-group using 2 dimensions: warm and competence.
stereotype content
Stereotype content model
What characterizes warm groups?
They are not in direct competition with the in-group for resources
level of competitiveness
high warmth are not competitive, low warmth are competitive
Stereotype content model
What characterizes competent groups?
Those that have high status within society
high competence is high status, low competence is low status
____________ stereotypes are those in which the group is looked down upon as inferior, dismissed, or ignored. Ex. Housewives, elderly people, disabled people. They are (high/low?) in warmth, (high/low?) in competence.
Paternalistic; high, low
________________ stereotypes are those in which the group is viewed with resentment, annoyance, or anger. Ex. Welfare recipients, poor people. They are (high/low?) in warmth, (high/low?) in competence.
Contemptuous; low, low
____________ stereotypes are those in which the group is viewed with jealousy, bitterness, or distrust. Ex. Asian, Jews, rich people, feminists. They are (high/low?) in warmth, (high/low?) in competence.
Envious; low, high
____________ stereotypes are those in which the group is viewed with pride and other positive feelings. They are (high/low?) in warmth, (high/low?) in competence.
Admiration; high, high
A ________-________________ prophecy is a process in which stereotypes lead to expectations of certain groups of individuals which can create conditions that then cause the expectations to become reality.
self-fulfilling
A person might be concerned or anxious about inadvertently confirming a negative stereotype about their social group. This is known as ________________ ________________. Often results in self-fulfilling prophecy.
stereotype threat
____________ is defined as an irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing, prior to an actual experience with that entity.
Prejudice
____________________ is a common way by which large organizations and political groups attempt to create prejudice in others.
Propaganda
________ refers to the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite any obstacles, and their ability to control resources.
Power
____________ is the level of respect shown to a person by others.
Prestige
________ refers to socioeconomic status.
Class
________________ refers to the practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture, especially when it comes to language, customs, and religion.
Ethnocentrism
________________ ________________ is the recognition that social groups and cultures should be studied on their own terms.
Cultural relativism
Cultures are not better or worse than others, they are just different
________________ occurs when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others.
Discrimination
________________ discrimination refers to 1 person discriminating against a particular person or group.
Individual
________________ discrimination refers to the discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution.
Institutional
