Chapter 10: Social Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

A component of attraction lies in the opportunity for ____-____________, or sharing one’s fears, thoughts, and goals with another person and being met with nonjudgmental empathy.

A

self-disclosure

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2
Q

________________ ________ is the phenomenon whereby people like others better when they believe the other person likes them.

A

Reciprocal liking

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3
Q

____________, or being physically close to someone, plays a factor in attraction to a person.

A

Proximity

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4
Q

The ________ ____________ effect or ____________ effect is the tendency for people to prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently.

A

mere exposure; familiarity

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5
Q

________________ is defined as a behavior that intends to cause harm or increase social dominance.

A

Aggression

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6
Q

The ____________ is the part of the brain responsible for associating stimuli and their corresponding rewards or punishments.

A

amygdala

tells us whether something is a threat

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7
Q

Higher-order brain structures, such as the ____________ cortex, can hit the brakes on a revved-up amygdala, reducing emotional reactivity and impulsiveness.

A

prefrontal

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8
Q

Higher levels of ________________ have been linked to more aggressive behavior in humans irrespective of sex or gender.

A

testosterone

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9
Q

The ____________ ________________ model states that we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions, such as being tired, sick, frustrated, or in pain.

A

cognitive neoassociation

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10
Q

Another factor that contributes to aggressive behavior is exposure to ____________ behavior.

A

violent

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11
Q

________________ is an emotional bond between a caregiver and a child that begins to develop during infancy.

A

Attachment

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12
Q

What are the 4 main attachment styles?

A
  1. Secure
  2. Avoidant
  3. Ambivalent
  4. Disorganized
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13
Q

____________ attachment is seen when a child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore, knowing there is a secure base to return to.

A

Secure

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14
Q

____________ attachement results when the caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child. Kids will share no preference between a stranger and caregiver.

A

avoidant

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15
Q

________________ attachment occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectfully. Child cannot consistently rely on caregiver; will be distressed on separation, but may be ambivalent upon return.

A

Ambivalent

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16
Q

Children with ________________ attachment show no clear pattern of behavior in response to caregiver’s absence/presence.

A

Disorganized

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17
Q

____________ ____________ is the perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network.

A

Social support

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18
Q

____________ support is listening, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feelings.

A

emotional

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19
Q

________ support is similar, but touches more directly on affirming the qualities and skills of a person.

A

Esteem

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20
Q

____________ support is any type of financial/material contribution to another person.

A

Material

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21
Q

____________ support refers to providing information that will help someone.

A

Informational

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22
Q

____________ support is the type of social support that gives a person a sense of belonging.

A

Network

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23
Q

________, or seeking out and eating food, is driven by biological, psychological, and social influences.

A

Foraging

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24
Q

The sensation of hunger is controlled by the ________________.

A

hypothalamus

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25
Q

The ________ hypothalamus promotes hunger, while the ____________________ hypothalamus responds to cues that we are full and promotes satiety.

A

lateral, ventromedial

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26
Q

____________ refers to an exclusive mating relationship.

A

Monogamy

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27
Q

____________ means having exclusive relationships with multiple partners.

A

Polygamy

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28
Q

Having exclusive relationships with multiply females is called ____________ and with multiple males is called ____________.

A

polygyny; polyandry

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29
Q

____________ refers to a member of one sex mating with others without exclusivity.

A

Promiscuity

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30
Q

Mate ________, or ____________ selection, is the selection of a mate based on attraction.

A

choice; intersexual

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31
Q

Mate ________ refers to how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate. Can carry direct benefits like material advantage or protection, but also indirect benefits like promoting better survival of offspring.

A

bias

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32
Q

What are the 5 recognized benefits of mate choice?

A
  1. Phenotypic benefits - observable traits that indicate increased production and survival of offspring
  2. Sensory bias - development of a trait to match a preexising preference that exists in the population
  3. Fisherian or runaway selection - a particular trait that has no effect or a negative effect on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time
  4. Indicator traits - signify good health and well-being
  5. Genetic compatibility
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33
Q

____________ is a form of helping behavior in which the individual’s intent is to benefit another at some cost to the self.

A

altruism

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34
Q

____________ is the ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another, and is thought to influence helping behavior greatly.

A

empathy

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35
Q

The empathy-altruism hypothesis is one explanation for the relationship between empathy and helping behavior. What does it describe?

A

One individual helps another person when feeling empathy for the other person, regardless of the cost.

36
Q

When an ____________________ ____________ strategy is adopted by a given population in a specific environment, natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising. The strategies are thus inherited traits passed along with the population, with the object of the game being becoming more fit than competitiors.

A

evolutionary stable

37
Q

The ________-________ game focuses on shared food resources. The (____) strategy involves escalated fighting until the individual adopting it is forced to withdraw or its opponent gives way; the (____) strategy involves conventional fighting—the individual adopting it retreats before getting injured if its opponent escalates.

A

Dove-Hawk; Hawk, Dove

Game payoffs refer to fitness; the hawk and dove strategies can coexist

38
Q

____________ ____________ is a measure of an organism’s success in the population; this is based on the # of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of offspring to support others.

A

Inclusive fitness

39
Q

Inclusive fitness promotes the idea that ____________ behavior can improve the fitness/success of a species as a whole.

A

altruistic

40
Q

Social ________________ provides the tools to make judgments and impressions regarding other people.

A

social perception

41
Q

____________ are explanations for the causes of a person’s actions.

A

attributions

42
Q

What are the 3 components of social perception?

A
  1. perceiver
  2. target
  3. situation
43
Q

The ____________ is influenced by experience, motives, and emotional state. Motives influence what we deem important or choose to forget.

A

perceiver

44
Q

The ________ refers to the person about which the perception is made. Knowledge of the target can include past experiences or specific info that affect perception.

A

target

45
Q

The ____________ is also important in developing perception. A given social context can determine what info is available to the perceiver.

A

situation

46
Q

The ____________ effect is the idea that first impressions are often more important than subsequent impressions.

A

primacy

47
Q

Sometimes it is actually the most recent info we have about an individual that is the most important in forming out impressions; this is the ____________ effect.

A

recency

48
Q

Individuals tend to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics that are most relevant to the perceiver. This is the ________________ on ____________ ____________.

A

reliance on central traits

49
Q

The ____________ ________________ theory states that there are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and their behavior are related. Making assumptions about people based on the category in which they are placed is known as ________________.

A

implicit personality; stereotyping

50
Q

The ________ effect is a cognitive bias in which judgments about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one’s overall impression of the individual.

A

halo

51
Q

The ________- ________ hypothesis: good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people; noble actions are rewarded, evil is punished.

A

just-world

52
Q

________-____________ bias refers to the fact that individuals credit their own successes to internal factors and blame their failure on external factors. Why do we do this?

A

self-serving; protects self-esteem

53
Q

________-________________ focuses on the need to maintain self-worth, which can be accomplished in part by the self-serving bias.

A

self-enhancement

54
Q

________-____________ suggests people will seek the companionship of others who see them as they see themselves, thereby validating a person’s self-serving bias.

A

self-verification

55
Q

____-________ bias refers to the inclination to view members in one’s group more favorably, while ____-________ bias refers to the inclination to view individuals outside one’s group harshly.

A

in, out

56
Q

____________ theory describes how individuals infer the causes of other people’s behavior.

A

Attribution

57
Q

____________ (internal) attributions are those that relate to the person whose behavior is being considered, including beliefs, attitudes, and personality characteristics.

A

Dispositional

58
Q

____________ (external) attributions are those that relate to features of the surroundings, such as threats, money, social norms, and peer pressure.

A

Situational

59
Q

________________ cues refers to the behavior of a person over time. The more regular the behavior, the more we associate that behavior with the motives of the person.

A

consistency

60
Q

____________ cues relate to the extent to which a person’s behavior differs from others. If a person deviates from socially expisted behavior, we are likely to form a dispostional attribution about the person’s behavior.

A

Consensus

61
Q

____________________ cues refer to the extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios. If a person’s behavior varies in different scenarios, we are more likely to form a situational attribution to explain it.

A

Distinctiveness

62
Q

The ________________ ________________ theory focuses on the intentionality of others’ bejavior. When an individual unexpectedly performs a behaviors that helps or hurts us, we tend to explain the behavior by dispositional attribution.

A

correspondent interference

63
Q

The ________________ ________________ error posits that we are generally biased toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions when judging the actions of others.

A

fundamental attribution

64
Q

________________ ________________ occurs when individuals must make judgments that are complex, but instead they substitute a simpler solution or apply a heuristic.

A

Attribute substitution

65
Q

____________ refer to the expectations, impressions, and opinions about the characteristics of members of a group. ____________ reflects the overall attitude and emotional response to a group. ____________ refers to differences in actions toward different groups.

A

Stereotypes; prejudice; discrimination

66
Q

When do stereotypes typically occur?

A

When you have limited and superficial info about a person/group of individuals

67
Q

The ____________ ____________ model attempts to classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in-group using 2 dimensions: warm and competence.

A

stereotype content

68
Q

Stereotype content model

What characterizes warm groups?

A

They are not in direct competition with the in-group for resources

level of competitiveness

high warmth are not competitive, low warmth are competitive

69
Q

Stereotype content model

What characterizes competent groups?

A

Those that have high status within society

high competence is high status, low competence is low status

70
Q

____________ stereotypes are those in which the group is looked down upon as inferior, dismissed, or ignored. Ex. Housewives, elderly people, disabled people. They are (high/low?) in warmth, (high/low?) in competence.

A

Paternalistic; high, low

71
Q

________________ stereotypes are those in which the group is viewed with resentment, annoyance, or anger. Ex. Welfare recipients, poor people. They are (high/low?) in warmth, (high/low?) in competence.

A

Contemptuous; low, low

72
Q

____________ stereotypes are those in which the group is viewed with jealousy, bitterness, or distrust. Ex. Asian, Jews, rich people, feminists. They are (high/low?) in warmth, (high/low?) in competence.

A

Envious; low, high

73
Q

____________ stereotypes are those in which the group is viewed with pride and other positive feelings. They are (high/low?) in warmth, (high/low?) in competence.

A

Admiration; high, high

74
Q

A ________-________________ prophecy is a process in which stereotypes lead to expectations of certain groups of individuals which can create conditions that then cause the expectations to become reality.

A

self-fulfilling

75
Q

A person might be concerned or anxious about inadvertently confirming a negative stereotype about their social group. This is known as ________________ ________________. Often results in self-fulfilling prophecy.

A

stereotype threat

76
Q

____________ is defined as an irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing, prior to an actual experience with that entity.

A

Prejudice

77
Q

____________________ is a common way by which large organizations and political groups attempt to create prejudice in others.

A

Propaganda

78
Q

________ refers to the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite any obstacles, and their ability to control resources.

A

Power

79
Q

____________ is the level of respect shown to a person by others.

A

Prestige

80
Q

________ refers to socioeconomic status.

A

Class

81
Q

________________ refers to the practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture, especially when it comes to language, customs, and religion.

A

Ethnocentrism

82
Q

________________ ________________ is the recognition that social groups and cultures should be studied on their own terms.

A

Cultural relativism

Cultures are not better or worse than others, they are just different

83
Q

________________ occurs when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others.

A

Discrimination

84
Q

________________ discrimination refers to 1 person discriminating against a particular person or group.

A

Individual

85
Q

________________ discrimination refers to the discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution.

A

Institutional