Chapter 10: Social Thinking

Question 1

A component of attraction lies in the opportunity for ____-____________, or sharing one’s fears, thoughts, and goals with another person and being met with nonjudgmental empathy.

Answer 1

self-disclosure

Question 2

________________ ________ is the phenomenon whereby people like others better when they believe the other person likes them.

Answer 2

Reciprocal liking

Question 3

____________, or being physically close to someone, plays a factor in attraction to a person.

Answer 3

Proximity

Question 4

The ________ ____________ effect or ____________ effect is the tendency for people to prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently.

Answer 4

mere exposure; familiarity

Question 5

________________ is defined as a behavior that intends to cause harm or increase social dominance.

Answer 5

Aggression

Question 6

The ____________ is the part of the brain responsible for associating stimuli and their corresponding rewards or punishments.

Answer 6

amygdala

tells us whether something is a threat

Question 7

Higher-order brain structures, such as the ____________ cortex, can hit the brakes on a revved-up amygdala, reducing emotional reactivity and impulsiveness.

Answer 7

prefrontal

Question 8

Higher levels of ________________ have been linked to more aggressive behavior in humans irrespective of sex or gender.

Answer 8

testosterone

Question 9

The ____________ ________________ model states that we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions, such as being tired, sick, frustrated, or in pain.

Answer 9

cognitive neoassociation

Question 10

Another factor that contributes to aggressive behavior is exposure to ____________ behavior.

Answer 10

violent

Question 11

________________ is an emotional bond between a caregiver and a child that begins to develop during infancy.

Answer 11

Attachment

Question 12

What are the 4 main attachment styles?

Answer 12

1. Secure
2. Avoidant
3. Ambivalent
4. Disorganized

Question 13

____________ attachment is seen when a child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore, knowing there is a secure base to return to.

Answer 13

Secure

Question 14

____________ attachement results when the caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child. Kids will share no preference between a stranger and caregiver.

Answer 14

avoidant

Question 15

________________ attachment occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectfully. Child cannot consistently rely on caregiver; will be distressed on separation, but may be ambivalent upon return.

Answer 15

Ambivalent

Question 16

Children with ________________ attachment show no clear pattern of behavior in response to caregiver’s absence/presence.

Answer 16

Disorganized

Question 17

____________ ____________ is the perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network.

Answer 17

Social support

Question 18

____________ support is listening, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feelings.

Answer 18

emotional

Question 19

________ support is similar, but touches more directly on affirming the qualities and skills of a person.

Answer 19

Esteem

Question 20

____________ support is any type of financial/material contribution to another person.

Answer 20

Material

Question 21

____________ support refers to providing information that will help someone.

Answer 21

Informational

Question 22

____________ support is the type of social support that gives a person a sense of belonging.

Answer 22

Network

Question 23

________, or seeking out and eating food, is driven by biological, psychological, and social influences.

Answer 23

Foraging

Question 24

The sensation of hunger is controlled by the ________________.

Answer 24

hypothalamus

Question 25

The ________ hypothalamus promotes hunger, while the ____________________ hypothalamus responds to cues that we are full and promotes satiety.

Answer 25

lateral, ventromedial

Question 26

____________ refers to an exclusive mating relationship.

Answer 26

Monogamy

Question 27

____________ means having exclusive relationships with multiple partners.

Answer 27

Polygamy

Question 28

Having exclusive relationships with multiply females is called ____________ and with multiple males is called ____________.

Answer 28

polygyny; polyandry

Question 29

____________ refers to a member of one sex mating with others without exclusivity.

Answer 29

Promiscuity

Question 30

Mate ________, or ____________ selection, is the selection of a mate based on attraction.

Answer 30

choice; intersexual

Question 31

Mate ________ refers to how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate. Can carry direct benefits like material advantage or protection, but also indirect benefits like promoting better survival of offspring.

Answer 31

bias

Question 32

What are the 5 recognized benefits of mate choice?

Answer 32

1. Phenotypic benefits - observable traits that indicate increased production and survival of offspring 2. Sensory bias - development of a trait to match a preexising preference that exists in the population 3. Fisherian or runaway selection - a particular trait that has no effect or a negative effect on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time 4. Indicator traits - signify good health and well-being 5. Genetic compatibility

Question 33

____________ is a form of helping behavior in which the individual's intent is to benefit another at some cost to the self.

Answer 33

altruism

Question 34

____________ is the ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another, and is thought to influence helping behavior greatly.

Answer 34

empathy

Question 35

The empathy-altruism hypothesis is one explanation for the relationship between empathy and helping behavior. What does it describe?

Answer 35

One individual helps another person when feeling empathy for the other person, regardless of the cost.

Question 36

When an ____________________ ____________ strategy is adopted by a given population in a specific environment, natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising. The strategies are thus inherited traits passed along with the population, with the object of the game being becoming more fit than competitiors.

Answer 36

evolutionary stable

Question 37

The ________-________ game focuses on shared food resources. The (____) strategy involves escalated fighting until the individual adopting it is forced to withdraw or its opponent gives way; the (____) strategy involves conventional fighting—the individual adopting it retreats before getting injured if its opponent escalates.

Answer 37

Dove-Hawk; Hawk, Dove | Game payoffs refer to fitness; the hawk and dove strategies can coexist

Question 38

____________ ____________ is a measure of an organism's success in the population; this is based on the # of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of offspring to support others.

Answer 38

Inclusive fitness

Question 39

Inclusive fitness promotes the idea that ____________ behavior can improve the fitness/success of a species as a whole.

Answer 39

altruistic

Question 40

Social ________________ provides the tools to make judgments and impressions regarding other people.

Answer 40

social perception

Question 41

____________ are explanations for the causes of a person's actions.

Answer 41

attributions

Question 42

What are the 3 components of social perception?

Answer 42

1. perceiver 2. target 3. situation

Question 43

The ____________ is influenced by experience, motives, and emotional state. Motives influence what we deem important or choose to forget.

Answer 43

perceiver

Question 44

The ________ refers to the person about which the perception is made. Knowledge of the target can include past experiences or specific info that affect perception.

Answer 44

target

Question 45

The ____________ is also important in developing perception. A given social context can determine what info is available to the perceiver.

Answer 45

situation

Question 46

The ____________ effect is the idea that first impressions are often more important than subsequent impressions.

Answer 46

primacy

Question 47

Sometimes it is actually the most recent info we have about an individual that is the most important in forming out impressions; this is the ____________ effect.

Answer 47

recency

Question 48

Individuals tend to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics that are most relevant to the perceiver. This is the ________________ on ____________ ____________.

Answer 48

reliance on central traits

Question 49

The ____________ ________________ theory states that there are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and their behavior are related. Making assumptions about people based on the category in which they are placed is known as ________________.

Answer 49

implicit personality; stereotyping

Question 50

The ________ effect is a cognitive bias in which judgments about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one's overall impression of the individual.

Answer 50

halo

Question 51

The ________- ________ hypothesis: good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people; noble actions are rewarded, evil is punished.

Answer 51

just-world

Question 52

________-____________ bias refers to the fact that individuals credit their own successes to internal factors and blame their failure on external factors. Why do we do this?

Answer 52

self-serving; protects self-esteem

Question 53

________-________________ focuses on the need to maintain self-worth, which can be accomplished in part by the self-serving bias.

Answer 53

self-enhancement

Question 54

________-____________ suggests people will seek the companionship of others who see them as they see themselves, thereby validating a person's self-serving bias.

Answer 54

self-verification

Question 55

____-________ bias refers to the inclination to view members in one's group more favorably, while ____-________ bias refers to the inclination to view individuals outside one's group harshly.

Answer 55

in, out

Question 56

____________ theory describes how individuals infer the causes of other people's behavior.

Answer 56

Attribution

Question 57

____________ (internal) attributions are those that relate to the person whose behavior is being considered, including beliefs, attitudes, and personality characteristics.

Answer 57

Dispositional

Question 58

____________ (external) attributions are those that relate to features of the surroundings, such as threats, money, social norms, and peer pressure.

Answer 58

Situational

Question 59

________________ cues refers to the behavior of a person over time. The more regular the behavior, the more we associate that behavior with the motives of the person.

Answer 59

consistency

Question 60

____________ cues relate to the extent to which a person's behavior differs from others. If a person deviates from socially expisted behavior, we are likely to form a dispostional attribution about the person's behavior.

Answer 60

Consensus

Question 61

____________________ cues refer to the extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios. If a person's behavior varies in different scenarios, we are more likely to form a situational attribution to explain it.

Answer 61

Distinctiveness

Question 62

The ________________ ________________ theory focuses on the intentionality of others' bejavior. When an individual unexpectedly performs a behaviors that helps or hurts us, we tend to explain the behavior by dispositional attribution.

Answer 62

correspondent interference

Question 63

The ________________ ________________ error posits that we are generally biased toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions when judging the actions of others.

Answer 63

fundamental attribution

Question 64

________________ ________________ occurs when individuals must make judgments that are complex, but instead they substitute a simpler solution or apply a heuristic.

Answer 64

Attribute substitution

Question 65

____________ refer to the expectations, impressions, and opinions about the characteristics of members of a group. ____________ reflects the overall attitude and emotional response to a group. ____________ refers to differences in actions toward different groups.

Answer 65

Stereotypes; prejudice; discrimination

Question 66

When do stereotypes typically occur?

Answer 66

When you have limited and superficial info about a person/group of individuals

Question 67

The ____________ ____________ model attempts to classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in-group using 2 dimensions: warm and competence.

Answer 67

stereotype content

Question 68

# Stereotype content model What characterizes warm groups?

Answer 68

They are not in direct competition with the in-group for resources | level of competitiveness ## Footnote high warmth are not competitive, low warmth are competitive

Question 69

# Stereotype content model What characterizes competent groups?

Answer 69

Those that have high status within society | high competence is high status, low competence is low status

Question 70

____________ stereotypes are those in which the group is looked down upon as inferior, dismissed, or ignored. Ex. Housewives, elderly people, disabled people. They are (high/low?) in warmth, (high/low?) in competence.

Answer 70

Paternalistic; high, low

Question 71

________________ stereotypes are those in which the group is viewed with resentment, annoyance, or anger. Ex. Welfare recipients, poor people. They are (high/low?) in warmth, (high/low?) in competence.

Answer 71

Contemptuous; low, low

Question 72

____________ stereotypes are those in which the group is viewed with jealousy, bitterness, or distrust. Ex. Asian, Jews, rich people, feminists. They are (high/low?) in warmth, (high/low?) in competence.

Answer 72

Envious; low, high

Question 73

____________ stereotypes are those in which the group is viewed with pride and other positive feelings. They are (high/low?) in warmth, (high/low?) in competence.

Answer 73

Admiration; high, high

Question 74

A ________-________________ prophecy is a process in which stereotypes lead to expectations of certain groups of individuals which can create conditions that then cause the expectations to become reality.

Answer 74

self-fulfilling

Question 75

A person might be concerned or anxious about inadvertently confirming a negative stereotype about their social group. This is known as ________________ ________________. Often results in self-fulfilling prophecy.

Answer 75

stereotype threat

Question 76

____________ is defined as an irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing, prior to an actual experience with that entity.

Answer 76

Prejudice

Question 77

____________________ is a common way by which large organizations and political groups attempt to create prejudice in others.

Answer 77

Propaganda

Question 78

________ refers to the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite any obstacles, and their ability to control resources.

Answer 78

Power

Question 79

____________ is the level of respect shown to a person by others.

Answer 79

Prestige

Question 80

________ refers to socioeconomic status.

Answer 80

Class

Question 81

________________ refers to the practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one's own culture, especially when it comes to language, customs, and religion.

Answer 81

Ethnocentrism

Question 82

________________ ________________ is the recognition that social groups and cultures should be studied on their own terms.

Answer 82

Cultural relativism | Cultures are not better or worse than others, they are just different

Question 83

________________ occurs when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others.

Answer 83

Discrimination

Question 84

________________ discrimination refers to 1 person discriminating against a particular person or group.

Answer 84

Individual

Question 85

________________ discrimination refers to the discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution.

Answer 85

Institutional