Chapter 12: Social Stratification

Question 1

A ________ ________ is defined as a category of people who share a similar socioeconomic position in society, and can be identified by looking at the economic opportunities, job positions, lifestyles, attitudes, and behaviors of a given slice of society.

Answer 1

social class

Question 2

________ ____________ refers to the solidarity and sense of connectedness among different social groups/classes.

Answer 2

Social cohesion

Question 3

________ ____________ focuses on social inequalities and studies the basic question of who gets what and why.

Answer 3

Social stratification

Question 4

____________ status derives from clearly identifiable characteristics, e.g. age, gender, skin color.

Answer 4

Ascribed

Question 5

________ status is acquired via direct, individual efforts.

Answer 5

achieved

Question 6

The proportional improvement in healthcare as one moves up in SES is called the ____________________ ____________ in health and development.

Answer 6

socioeconomic gradient

Question 7

________ refers to the amount of positive regard society has for a given person or idea.

Answer 7

Prestige

Question 8

________ can be described as the ability to affect others’ behavior through real or perceived rewards and punishments.

Answer 8

Power

Question 9

________ ________________ refers to the organization of the working class around shared goals and recognition of a need for collective political action.

Answer 9

Class consciousness

e.g. proletariat could revolt if they worked as a unit

Question 10

The one major barrier to class consciousness is ________ ________________, a misperception of one’s actual position within society. Can’t see how bad conditions are.

Answer 10

false consciousness

too clouded to assemble

Question 11

Early sociologists explained that social inequality is further accelerated by what is called ________, which refers to a lack of widely accepted social norms and breakdown of social bonds between an individual and society.

Answer 11

anomie

Question 12

________ ________ focuses on how anomic conditions can lead to deviance.

Answer 12

Strain theory

Question 13

What would anomic conditions entail? What can they lead to?

Answer 13

1. excessive individualism
2. social inequality
3. isolation

Erosion of social solidarity (sense of community and social cohesion

Question 14

________ ____________ is the investment people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards.

Answer 14

Social capital

Question 15

________ ________________ is the movement of new or underrepresented populations into a larger culture while maintaining their ethnic idenitties.

Answer 15

social integration

Question 16

________ ties refer to peer group and kinship contacts. ________ ties refer to social connections that are personally superficial.

Answer 16

Strong; weak

Question 17

____________ is a social structure in which intellectual talent and achievement are a means for a person to advance up the social ladder.

Answer 17

Meritocracy

Question 18

Some fear that the US meritocratic system is quickly becoming a ____________, or a rule by the upper classes.

Answer 18

plutocracy

Question 19

Social inequality, esp poverty or inherited wealth, can be passed on from one generation to the next. This is ________ ________________.

Answer 19

social reproduction

Question 20

____________ ____________ is based on the concept of “holes” in the structure of society being more responsible for poverty than the actions of any individaul.

Answer 20

Structural poverty

Question 21

On an ____________ level , poverty is a socioeconomic condition in which people do not have enough money or resources to maintain a quality of living that includes basic life necessities such as shelter, food, clothing, and water.

Answer 21

absolute

Question 22

Poverty can also be defined as ____________, in which people have less income and wealth in comparison to the larger population in which they live.

Answer 22

relative

Question 23

The official definition of the ____________ ________ is derived from the government’s calculation of the minimum income requirements for families to acquire the minimum necessities of life.

Answer 23

poverty line

Question 24

________ ____________ can arise from a sense of powerless when individuals who are poor/disadvantaged feel segregated/isoalted from soceity.

Answer 24

social exclusion

Question 25

________ ____________ focuses on social stratification across territories and their popualtions.

Answer 25

spatial inequality

Question 26

________________ is the migration pattern of the middle classes to suburban communities. Why does it happen?

Answer 26

Suburbanization; overall greater concentration of individuals are poor - cleaner, less crowded, less crime, betters chools

Question 27

Suburbanization can lead to ________ ________, in which a previously functional portion of a city deteriorates and becomes decrepit.

Answer 27

urban decay

Question 28

Urban decay can reverse in the process of ________ ____________, which is fueled by ________________.

Answer 28

urban renewal; gentrification

Question 29

Why is gentrification bad?

Answer 29

displaces low SES communities who can’t afford the place anymore

Question 30

The ________ ________ ________ categorizes countries and emphasizes the inequalities of the divison of labor at the global level.

Answer 30

world system theory

Question 31

____ nations focus on higher skills and higher paying productions while exploiting ____________ nations for their lower-skilled productions. ________-____________ nations are midway between the first two - they work toward becoming core nations.

Answer 31

core; peripheral; semi-peripheral

Question 32

________ ________________ is a branch of epidemiology that studies the ways in which health and disease correlated to social advantages and disadvantages.

Answer 32

Social epidemiology

Question 33

____________ is defined as the number of new cases of an illness per population at risk in a given amount of time.

Answer 33

Incidence

relative to pop. at risk, not total pop, i.e. if you already have the illness, you are no longer at risk

Question 34

____________ is a measure of the number of cases of an illness overall - whether new or chronic - per population in a given amount of time.

Answer 34

Prevalence

Question 35

____________ is the burden or degree of illness associated with a given disease.

Answer 35

Morbidity

Question 36

____________ refers to deaths caused by a given disease.

Answer 36

Mortality

Question 37

________ ____________ refers to an exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice

Answer 37

second sickness

Question 38

____________ insurance covers patients over the age of 65, those with end-stage renal disease, and those with amytrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Answer 38

Medicare

Question 39

____________ covers patients who are in significant financial need.

Answer 39

Medicaid