Chapter 12: Social Stratification Flashcards
A ________ ________ is defined as a category of people who share a similar socioeconomic position in society, and can be identified by looking at the economic opportunities, job positions, lifestyles, attitudes, and behaviors of a given slice of society.
social class
________ ____________ refers to the solidarity and sense of connectedness among different social groups/classes.
Social cohesion
________ ____________ focuses on social inequalities and studies the basic question of who gets what and why.
Social stratification
____________ status derives from clearly identifiable characteristics, e.g. age, gender, skin color.
Ascribed
________ status is acquired via direct, individual efforts.
achieved
The proportional improvement in healthcare as one moves up in SES is called the ____________________ ____________ in health and development.
socioeconomic gradient
________ refers to the amount of positive regard society has for a given person or idea.
Prestige
________ can be described as the ability to affect others’ behavior through real or perceived rewards and punishments.
Power
________ ________________ refers to the organization of the working class around shared goals and recognition of a need for collective political action.
Class consciousness
e.g. proletariat could revolt if they worked as a unit
The one major barrier to class consciousness is ________ ________________, a misperception of one’s actual position within society. Can’t see how bad conditions are.
false consciousness
too clouded to assemble
Early sociologists explained that social inequality is further accelerated by what is called ________, which refers to a lack of widely accepted social norms and breakdown of social bonds between an individual and society.
anomie
________ ________ focuses on how anomic conditions can lead to deviance.
Strain theory
What would anomic conditions entail? What can they lead to?
- excessive individualism
- social inequality
- isolation
Erosion of social solidarity (sense of community and social cohesion
________ ____________ is the investment people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards.
Social capital
________ ________________ is the movement of new or underrepresented populations into a larger culture while maintaining their ethnic idenitties.
social integration
________ ties refer to peer group and kinship contacts. ________ ties refer to social connections that are personally superficial.
Strong; weak
____________ is a social structure in which intellectual talent and achievement are a means for a person to advance up the social ladder.
Meritocracy
Some fear that the US meritocratic system is quickly becoming a ____________, or a rule by the upper classes.
plutocracy
Social inequality, esp poverty or inherited wealth, can be passed on from one generation to the next. This is ________ ________________.
social reproduction
____________ ____________ is based on the concept of “holes” in the structure of society being more responsible for poverty than the actions of any individaul.
Structural poverty
On an ____________ level , poverty is a socioeconomic condition in which people do not have enough money or resources to maintain a quality of living that includes basic life necessities such as shelter, food, clothing, and water.
absolute
Poverty can also be defined as ____________, in which people have less income and wealth in comparison to the larger population in which they live.
relative
The official definition of the ____________ ________ is derived from the government’s calculation of the minimum income requirements for families to acquire the minimum necessities of life.
poverty line
________ ____________ can arise from a sense of powerless when individuals who are poor/disadvantaged feel segregated/isoalted from soceity.
social exclusion
________ ____________ focuses on social stratification across territories and their popualtions.
spatial inequality
________________ is the migration pattern of the middle classes to suburban communities. Why does it happen?
Suburbanization; overall greater concentration of individuals are poor - cleaner, less crowded, less crime, betters chools
Suburbanization can lead to ________ ________, in which a previously functional portion of a city deteriorates and becomes decrepit.
urban decay
Urban decay can reverse in the process of ________ ____________, which is fueled by ________________.
urban renewal; gentrification
Why is gentrification bad?
displaces low SES communities who can’t afford the place anymore
The ________ ________ ________ categorizes countries and emphasizes the inequalities of the divison of labor at the global level.
world system theory
____ nations focus on higher skills and higher paying productions while exploiting ____________ nations for their lower-skilled productions. ________-____________ nations are midway between the first two - they work toward becoming core nations.
core; peripheral; semi-peripheral
________ ________________ is a branch of epidemiology that studies the ways in which health and disease correlated to social advantages and disadvantages.
Social epidemiology
____________ is defined as the number of new cases of an illness per population at risk in a given amount of time.
Incidence
relative to pop. at risk, not total pop, i.e. if you already have the illness, you are no longer at risk
____________ is a measure of the number of cases of an illness overall - whether new or chronic - per population in a given amount of time.
Prevalence
____________ is the burden or degree of illness associated with a given disease.
Morbidity
____________ refers to deaths caused by a given disease.
Mortality
________ ____________ refers to an exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice
second sickness
____________ insurance covers patients over the age of 65, those with end-stage renal disease, and those with amytrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Medicare
____________ covers patients who are in significant financial need.
Medicaid
