Chapter 11: Social Structure and Demographics

Question 1

The ________ level consists of family groups and local communities.

Answer 1

micro

Question 2

The ________ level consists of organizations, institutions, and ethnic subcultures.

Answer 2

meso

Question 3

The ________ level consists of national and international systems

Answer 3

macro

Question 4

A ________ ____________ is any idea that has been created and accepted by people in society.

Answer 4

social construct

Question 5

____________ ________________ attempts to understand human action and interaction by studying the symbols we use to communicate.

Answer 5

Symbol interactionism

Question 6

____________ ________ theory focuses on individual decision making. What does it describe?

Answer 6

Rational choice; humans make rational choices to further their own self-interests and people weigh the costs and benefits when making choices, ranking their options based on perceived benefit

Question 7

People stay in relationships because they get something from the exchange, and leave relationships when there are more social costs than benefits. Due to this view of relationships as exchanges of social value, rational choice theory is sometimes called (________) ____________ theory.

Answer 7

(social) exchange theory

Question 8

________ theory is a macro theory that attempts to understand society by examining the inevitable conflicts between groups in society.

Answer 8

Conflict

Question 9

Karl Marx is a 19th century social philosopher who examined the influence of ____________ on 19th century society.

Answer 9

capitalism

Question 10

____________ is an economic system in which individuals and corporations, rather than governments, own and control what Marx called the means of production, referring to property, machinery, factories, or any other means of creating a saleable good or service.

Answer 10

Capitalism

Question 11

According to Marx, private ownership naturally leads to a small, wealthy ____________ (________________) class, who control the means of production.

Answer 11

capitalist (bourgeoisie)

Question 12

In Marx’s model, the rest of society is relegated to a lower ________ (________________) class that performs manual labor.

Answer 12

worker (proletariat)

Question 13

According to conflict theorists, if people in lower-status positions recognize this power differential and see that others share a common dissatisfaction, then these individuals can organize to form ____________ ________.

Answer 13

interest groups

Question 14

________________-________________ is the inverse of conflict theory. It is founded by Emile Durkheim, and it seeks to understand how large societies survive over long time periods. Society is regarded as an organism with different groups playing different roles that contribute to the overall health and operation of society.

Answer 14

structural-functionalism

roles = functions

Question 15

What are the 2 types of functions (roles) that groups can have in structural-functionalism?

Answer 15

manifest or latent

Question 16

A ____________ function is an intended consequence of the actions of a group within a society.

Answer 16

manifest

Question 17

When an organization or institution has uninteded but beneficial consequences, these are called ____________ functions.

Answer 17

latent

Question 18

While manifest and latent functions provide a benefit to society, ________________ are negative consequences of the existence of an institution, organization, or interaction.

Answer 18

dysfunctions

Question 19

Structural-functionalism attempts to explain how groups interact with other groups, but does not explain how individuals interact ________ a group.

Answer 19

within

Question 20

What are the 6 major social institutions?

Answer 20

1. Education
2. Family
3. Religion
4. Government
5. Economy
6. Medicine

Question 21

________ ________________ are well-established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture.

Answer 21

Social institutions

Question 22

Education includes not only the information and cognitive skills students learn, but also the ____________ ________________ of transmitting social norms, attitudes, and beliefs to students.

Answer 22

hidden curriculum

Question 23

____________ ____________ refers to the idea that teachers tend to get what the expect from students.

Answer 23

teacher expectancy

Question 24

What are the 4 key tenets of medical ethics?

Answer 24

1. Beneficence
2. Nonmaleficence
3. Respect for patient autonomy
4. Justice

Question 25

____________ - a physician has a responsibility to act in the patient’s best interest

Answer 25

Beneficence

Question 26

____________________ - the physician has a responsibility to respect patients’ decisions and choices about their own healthcare.

Answer 26

Respect for patient autonomy

Question 27

________________- do no harm, physician has responsibility to avoid treatments or interventions in which the potential for harm outweighs the potential for benefit

Answer 27

Nonmaleficence

Question 28

____________ - physician has a responsiblity to treat similar patients with similar care, and to distribute healthcare resources fairly.

Answer 28

Justice

Question 29

The ________________ ________ is the ratio of the number of members of a population that are not in the workforce to the number of members that are in the workforce.

Answer 29

dependency ratio

Question 30

The ____________ ratio is defined by the number of people under the age of 15 divided by the # of people aged 15-65

Answer 30

youth

Question 31

The ____ ________________ ratio is defined by the number of people over 65 divided by the number of people aged 15-65.

Answer 31

age dependency

Question 32

When fertility rate and mortality rate remain relatively consistent over a long period of time, the distribution of the population among the age cohorts remains fairly constant. This is a ________ ____________.

Answer 32

stable population

Question 33

____________ ____________ describes a specific connection to one’s ethnicity in which ethnic symbols and identity remain important, even when ethnic identity does not play a significant role in everyday life. Ex. St. Patrick’s day.

Answer 33

Symbolic ethnicity

Question 34

The ____________ ________ ranks people’s sexuality on a scale of 0 to 6, from heterosexual to homosexual. Few people fell into categories of zero and six, and rather somewhere in between.

Answer 34

Kinsey scale

Question 35

________________ ________ refers to the place of birth of a specific person or that person’s parents.

Answer 35

Generational status

Question 36

The interplay between multiple demographic factors, especially when it leads to discrimination or oppression, is termed ________________

Answer 36

intersectionality

Question 37

____________ ________ refers to the average number of children born to a woman over a lifetime in a population.

Answer 37

Fertility rate

Question 38

____________ ________ refer to the number of deaths in a population per unit time.

Answer 38

Mortality rates

Question 39

Both birth and mortality rates can be reported in multiple forms: the total rate for a population, the ________ ________ (adjusted to a certain population size over a specific period of time and multipled by a constant to give a whole number), or age-specific rates.

Answer 39

crude rate

Question 40

Migration can be motivated by both ________ factors (positive attributes of new place) and ________ factors (negative attributes of old place).

Answer 40

pull, push

Question 41

The ________________ ________________ theory explains the link between economic develpoment and demographic shift in four stages.

Answer 41

demographic transition theory

Question 42

What are the 4 stages of the demographic transition theory?

Answer 42

1. Preindustrial society; birth/death rates both high; stable pop.
2. Economic progress leads to improvements to healthcare, nutrition, wages, causing decrease in death rates - pop. increases
3. Improvements in contraception and women’s rights and industrialization leads to dropping birth rates - population growth levels off
4. Birth and death rates are low in industrialized society - constant pop.

Question 43

________________ theory focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder.

Answer 43

Malthusian

Question 44

________ ____________ are organized to promote/resist social change. These are often motivated by a group’s perceived ____________ ________________, which is a decrease in resources, representation, or agency relavtive to the whole of society, or relative to what the group is accustomed to from the past.

Answer 44

social movements; relative deprivation

Question 45

Social movements that promote social change are ____________, those that resist it are ____________.

Answer 45

proactive, reactive

Question 46

________________ is the process of merging of the separate nations of the world into a single sociocultural entity, and is a relatively recent phenomenon spurred on by improvements in global communication technology and economic interdependence.

Answer 46

globalization

Question 47

____________ refers to dense areas of population creating a pull for migration.

Answer 47

urbanization

more than half of the world’s populations live in urban areas