Chapter 11: Social Structure and Demographics Flashcards
The ________ level consists of family groups and local communities.
micro
The ________ level consists of organizations, institutions, and ethnic subcultures.
meso
The ________ level consists of national and international systems
macro
A ________ ____________ is any idea that has been created and accepted by people in society.
social construct
____________ ________________ attempts to understand human action and interaction by studying the symbols we use to communicate.
Symbol interactionism
____________ ________ theory focuses on individual decision making. What does it describe?
Rational choice; humans make rational choices to further their own self-interests and people weigh the costs and benefits when making choices, ranking their options based on perceived benefit
People stay in relationships because they get something from the exchange, and leave relationships when there are more social costs than benefits. Due to this view of relationships as exchanges of social value, rational choice theory is sometimes called (________) ____________ theory.
(social) exchange theory
________ theory is a macro theory that attempts to understand society by examining the inevitable conflicts between groups in society.
Conflict
Karl Marx is a 19th century social philosopher who examined the influence of ____________ on 19th century society.
capitalism
____________ is an economic system in which individuals and corporations, rather than governments, own and control what Marx called the means of production, referring to property, machinery, factories, or any other means of creating a saleable good or service.
Capitalism
According to Marx, private ownership naturally leads to a small, wealthy ____________ (________________) class, who control the means of production.
capitalist (bourgeoisie)
In Marx’s model, the rest of society is relegated to a lower ________ (________________) class that performs manual labor.
worker (proletariat)
According to conflict theorists, if people in lower-status positions recognize this power differential and see that others share a common dissatisfaction, then these individuals can organize to form ____________ ________.
interest groups
________________-________________ is the inverse of conflict theory. It is founded by Emile Durkheim, and it seeks to understand how large societies survive over long time periods. Society is regarded as an organism with different groups playing different roles that contribute to the overall health and operation of society.
structural-functionalism
roles = functions
What are the 2 types of functions (roles) that groups can have in structural-functionalism?
manifest or latent
A ____________ function is an intended consequence of the actions of a group within a society.
manifest
When an organization or institution has uninteded but beneficial consequences, these are called ____________ functions.
latent
While manifest and latent functions provide a benefit to society, ________________ are negative consequences of the existence of an institution, organization, or interaction.
dysfunctions
Structural-functionalism attempts to explain how groups interact with other groups, but does not explain how individuals interact ________ a group.
within
What are the 6 major social institutions?
- Education
- Family
- Religion
- Government
- Economy
- Medicine
________ ________________ are well-established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture.
Social institutions
Education includes not only the information and cognitive skills students learn, but also the ____________ ________________ of transmitting social norms, attitudes, and beliefs to students.
hidden curriculum
____________ ____________ refers to the idea that teachers tend to get what the expect from students.
teacher expectancy
What are the 4 key tenets of medical ethics?
- Beneficence
- Nonmaleficence
- Respect for patient autonomy
- Justice
____________ - a physician has a responsibility to act in the patient’s best interest
Beneficence
____________________ - the physician has a responsibility to respect patients’ decisions and choices about their own healthcare.
Respect for patient autonomy
________________- do no harm, physician has responsibility to avoid treatments or interventions in which the potential for harm outweighs the potential for benefit
Nonmaleficence
____________ - physician has a responsiblity to treat similar patients with similar care, and to distribute healthcare resources fairly.
Justice
The ________________ ________ is the ratio of the number of members of a population that are not in the workforce to the number of members that are in the workforce.
dependency ratio
The ____________ ratio is defined by the number of people under the age of 15 divided by the # of people aged 15-65
youth
The ____ ________________ ratio is defined by the number of people over 65 divided by the number of people aged 15-65.
age dependency
When fertility rate and mortality rate remain relatively consistent over a long period of time, the distribution of the population among the age cohorts remains fairly constant. This is a ________ ____________.
stable population
____________ ____________ describes a specific connection to one’s ethnicity in which ethnic symbols and identity remain important, even when ethnic identity does not play a significant role in everyday life. Ex. St. Patrick’s day.
Symbolic ethnicity
The ____________ ________ ranks people’s sexuality on a scale of 0 to 6, from heterosexual to homosexual. Few people fell into categories of zero and six, and rather somewhere in between.
Kinsey scale
________________ ________ refers to the place of birth of a specific person or that person’s parents.
Generational status
The interplay between multiple demographic factors, especially when it leads to discrimination or oppression, is termed ________________
intersectionality
____________ ________ refers to the average number of children born to a woman over a lifetime in a population.
Fertility rate
____________ ________ refer to the number of deaths in a population per unit time.
Mortality rates
Both birth and mortality rates can be reported in multiple forms: the total rate for a population, the ________ ________ (adjusted to a certain population size over a specific period of time and multipled by a constant to give a whole number), or age-specific rates.
crude rate
Migration can be motivated by both ________ factors (positive attributes of new place) and ________ factors (negative attributes of old place).
pull, push
The ________________ ________________ theory explains the link between economic develpoment and demographic shift in four stages.
demographic transition theory
What are the 4 stages of the demographic transition theory?
- Preindustrial society; birth/death rates both high; stable pop.
- Economic progress leads to improvements to healthcare, nutrition, wages, causing decrease in death rates - pop. increases
- Improvements in contraception and women’s rights and industrialization leads to dropping birth rates - population growth levels off
- Birth and death rates are low in industrialized society - constant pop.
________________ theory focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder.
Malthusian
________ ____________ are organized to promote/resist social change. These are often motivated by a group’s perceived ____________ ________________, which is a decrease in resources, representation, or agency relavtive to the whole of society, or relative to what the group is accustomed to from the past.
social movements; relative deprivation
Social movements that promote social change are ____________, those that resist it are ____________.
proactive, reactive
________________ is the process of merging of the separate nations of the world into a single sociocultural entity, and is a relatively recent phenomenon spurred on by improvements in global communication technology and economic interdependence.
globalization
____________ refers to dense areas of population creating a pull for migration.
urbanization
more than half of the world’s populations live in urban areas
