chapter 9 rewrite Flashcards
how are smaller amounts of ATP formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
by substrate level phosphoylation
where does glycolysis occur
in the cytoplasm
what does alcohols fermentation do to pyruvate
converts it to ethanol first by releasing CO2
what are electrons from organic compounds first transferred to
NAD+ which is a coenzyme
obligate anaerobes
carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration – cannot be done in the presence of O2
during lactic acid fermentation, what happens to pyruvate
pyruvate is reduced into NADH which forms lactate as an end product without releasing CO2;
if the electron transport chain stops working, how do cells generate ATP
glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP
what does the citric acid cycle do
it oxidizes organic fuel derived by pyruvate
what happens after glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from food
catabolic pathways funnel
electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration
cytochromes
proteins that electrons are passed through to O2
how do catabolic pathways yield energy
by oxidizing organic fuels
chemiosmosis
the use of energy in an H+ gradient to drive cellular work
