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Bio 1305 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is it called when an organism converts energy to light?

A

Bioluminescence

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2
Q

What is metabolism

A

the totality of an organisms chemical reactions

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3
Q

Metabolism is an emergent property of life that arises from

A

Interactions between molecules within the cell

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4
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

Begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product

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5
Q

each step of metabolism is catalyzed by what?

A

A specific enzyme

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6
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

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7
Q

Cellular respiration

A

The breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen, is an example of a pathway of catabolism

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8
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

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9
Q

Bioenergetics

A

The study of how organisms manage their energy resource

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10
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to cause change

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11
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy associated with motion

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12
Q

Thermal energy

A

Kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

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13
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

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14
Q

Thermodynamics

A

The study of energy transformations

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15
Q

Isolated system

A

Approximated by liquid in a thermos and is isolated from its surroundings

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16
Q

Are organisms open systems?

A

Yes

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17
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

The energy of the universe is constant

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18
Q

What does the first law of thermodynamics say

A

That energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed

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19
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

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20
Q

Spontaneous processes

A

Occurs without energy input — it can happen quickly or slowly

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21
Q

What tells us whether or not a reaction occurs spontaneously

A

The free energy change of a reaction

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22
Q

Free energy

A

Energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell

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23
Q

The change in free energy (Delta G)

A

Related to the change in enthalpy

24
Q

Free energy symbol

A

Delta g

25
Q

Total energy symbol

A

Delta H

26
Q

Change in entropy

A

Delta S

27
Q

Temperature in Kelvin

A

T

28
Q

Negative delta G reactions are

A

Spontaneous

29
Q

During a spontaneous change ________

A

Free energy decreases and the stability of a system increases

30
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

A net release of free energy and is spontaneous — negative delta g

31
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is no spontaneous (positive delta G)

32
Q

Is metabolism ever at equilibrium?

A

No

33
Q

Reactions in a closed system eventually ____

A

Reach equilibrium and then do no work

34
Q

What are the three types of work that a cell does

A

Chemical - makes endergonic reactions work
Transport — across the membrane
Mechanical — motility of the cell

35
Q

Energy coupling

A

Cells manage energy resources through the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one — this is mediated by ATP

36
Q

ATP is composed of ____

A

Ribose, adenine, and three phosphate groups

37
Q

What is cellular work powered by?

A

The hydrolysis of ATP

38
Q

How does ATP drive endergonic reactions?

A

Phosphorylation

39
Q

Catalyst

A

A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

40
Q

Enzyme

A

A catalytic protein

41
Q

Activation energy

A

The initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction

42
Q

Substrate

A

The reactant that an enzyme acts on

43
Q

The active site

A

The region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

44
Q

the active site can lower an Ea barrier by

A

Orienting substrates correctly
Straining substrate bonds
Providing a favorable micro environment
Covalently bonding to the substrate

45
Q

What can affect an enzymes activity?

A
  • general environmental factors like temperature and pH
  • chemicals that specifically influence the enzyme
46
Q

Cofactors

A

No protein enzyme helpers

47
Q

An organic cofactor is called ____

A

A coenzyme

48
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A

Bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate

49
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitors

A

These binds to another part of a enzyme, causing the enzyme to change space and making the active site less effective

50
Q

Altered amino acids in enzymes may ______

A

Alter their substrate specifically

51
Q

Regulation of enzyme activity is done by ___

A

Switching on or off the genes that encode specific enzymes or by regulating the activity of enzymes

52
Q

Allosteric regulation

A

May either inhibit or stimulate an enzymes activity

53
Q

Cooperatively

A

A form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity

54
Q

Why is cooperatively allosteric

A

Because binding by a substrate to one active site affects catalysis in a different active site

55
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

The end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway

56
Q

What does feedback inhibition do?

A

Prevents a cell from wasting chemical resources by synthesizing more product than is needed

Bio 1305 (18 decks)

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