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Bio 1305 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does photosynthesis generate? And how is it used?

A

It generates o2 and organic molecules that are used in cellular respiration.

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2
Q

How to catabolic pathways yield energy?

A

By oxidizing organic fuels

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3
Q

The breakdown of organic molecules is ______

A

Exergonic

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4
Q

Fermentation

A

It is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2.

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5
Q

Aerobic respiration consumes ________

A

Organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP

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6
Q

What is anaerobic respiration

A

Similar to aerobic but it consumes compounds other than O2.

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7
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration

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8
Q

What does the transfer of electrons during chemical reactions release?

A

Energy stored in organic molecules — used to synthesize ATP.

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9
Q

Oxidation

A

When a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized

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10
Q

Reduction

A

A substance gains electrons or is reduced i.e. the amount of positive charge is reduced.

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11
Q

The electron donor is called __

A

The reducing agent

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12
Q

The electron receptor is called the _____

A

Oxidizing agent

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13
Q

During cellular respiration, glucose is ______

A

Oxidized, and O2 is reduced.

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14
Q

What are electrons from organic compounds first transferred to

A

NAD+ which is a coenzyme

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15
Q

What is NAD+

A

A oxidizing agent during cellular respiration

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16
Q

What does NADH do

A

Passes electrons to the electron transport chain

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17
Q

Glycolysis

A

Breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

18
Q

The citric acid cycle

A

Completes the break down of glucose.

19
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

Accounts for most of the atp synthesis

20
Q

How are smaller amounts of ATP formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

A

By substrate level phosphorylation

21
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

In the cytoplasm

22
Q

What are the two phases of glycolysis

A

Energy investment phase
Energy payoff phase
This occurs whether or not O2 is present

23
Q

What happens to the electron transport chain without O2

A

It no longer operates

24
Q

If the electron transport chain stops working, how do cells generate ATP?

A

Glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP.

25
Q

What are two common types of fermentation?

A

Alcohol fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation

26
Q

What does alcohols fermentation do to pyruvate?

A

Converts it to ethanol first by releasing CO2

27
Q

In lactic acid fermentation, what happens to pyruvate?

A

Pyruvate is reduced into NADH which forms lactate as an end product with out releasing CO2.

28
Q

What are the similarities between fermentation with anaerobic or aerobic respiration?

A

They all use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and they all use NAD+ as the oxidizing agent during glycolysis.

29
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration, cannot survive in the presence of O2.

30
Q

What happens after pyruvate is oxidized?

A

The citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules

31
Q

What is another name for the citric acid cycle

A

The Krebs Cycle

32
Q

What does the citric acid cycle do?

A

It oxidizes organic fuel derived by pyruvate, generating a ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn. (Acetyl-CoA)

33
Q

What are the 8 steps of the citric acid cycle?

A

The acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate which forms citrate.

The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the process a cycle.

34
Q

What happens after glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

A

NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from food.

35
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

A

The inner membrane(cristae) of the mitochondrion

36
Q

Cytochromes

A

Proteins that electrons are passed through to O2.

37
Q

“E-“ transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump _______

A

H+

38
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

39
Q

The H+ gradient is referred to as a ______

A

Proton motive force, emphasizing its capacity to do work.

40
Q

Catabolic pathways funnel ____

A

Electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration

41
Q

Fatty acids are broken down by_______

A

Beta oxidization and it yields acetyl CoA.

42
Q

Control of catabolism is based mainly on __________

A

Regulating the activity of enzymes at strategic points in the catabolic pathway.

Bio 1305 (18 decks)

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