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Psyc 353-Psychology of Aging > Chapter 9: Relationships > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

How have marriages and partnerships changed ?

A
  • fewer people are getting married
  • people are getting married later
  • family compositions are changing
  • definitions of marriage and family are changing
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2
Q

What is the average age of 1st marriage?

A
  • men: 31
  • women: 28
  • increasing
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3
Q

Gender differences in marriages and partnership?

A

men
- stay single longer, fewer remain unmarried, men have more option for remarriage
women
- less likely to remarry

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4
Q

What Is Cohabitation?

A
  • living together before marriage
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5
Q

What is the Cohabitation Effect?

A
  • people are more likely to separate once married
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6
Q

What is Serial Cohabitation?

A
  • people who have lived with more than one partner in a cohabitating relationship
  • especially likely to show separate once married
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7
Q

What is Living Apart Together?

A
  • couples in long term committed relationships but choose to live apart
  • 1 in 3 young adults
  • 2% of 60+ are LAT
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8
Q

When was Same-sex Marriage Legalized?

A
  • canada legalized in 2005
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9
Q

Same-sex couples are different how

A
  • less daily strain reported
  • more likely to separate when things aren’t working
  • perceived discrimination leads to negative outcomes
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10
Q

What is the average length of marriage before divorce?

A
  • 14 years
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11
Q

what are the disadvantages of not remarrying?

A
  • economic disadvantage, especially for older adults
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12
Q

What is gender disparity in relationships/ divorce

A
  • following divorce women experience advantage and men experience disadvantage
    (access to resources)
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13
Q

How did the Divorce Act change relationships

A
  • led to increase in divorce rates
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14
Q

How can divorce statistics be misleading

A
  • divorce rate in a given year including those divorcing for the second or third time
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15
Q

Why are some people more prone to divorce

A
  • history of intimacy problems
  • infidelity (cheating)
  • people who are more likely to contemplate divorce when their marriage is in trouble are more considered divorce- prone
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16
Q

What are the negative and positive emotional outcomes of divorce

A
  • anxiety, depression and loss of trust
  • may provide relief
  • more positive outcomes if able to protect identity
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17
Q

How does divorce change when children are involved

A
  • children are more likely to live with mom
  • sometimes its better for kids than parents staying together
  • many complexities
  • mediation is becoming more common, no lawyers, uses co-operative dispute settlement
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18
Q

Late-life divorce

A
  • 55+ increase in divorce and separation
  • children more likely to distance with father than mother
  • more relationship problems in adults with children
  • kin-keepers: daughter more likely to be confidants and social directors
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19
Q

What is the average age of widowhood

A
  • around 75 years
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20
Q

What are widowers

A
  • widowed men
  • people 65+ 10% of men
  • more chances of remarry
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21
Q

What are Widows

A
  • widowed women
  • 65+ 33% of women
  • 90+ 80% of women
  • greater financial impact
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22
Q

What is the widowhood effect

A
  • more likely to die sooner after
  • loss of friends and social isolation
  • resilient grief is associated with widowhood
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23
Q

What is the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

A
  • people prefer long term relationships to maximize their positive affect , rather than forming new ones

(perspective of long-term marriages)

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24
Q

What is the similarity hypothesis

A
  • couples who are similar are happier

perspective of long-term marriage

25
Q

Social Exchange Theory in relationships

A
  • relationships are evaluated according to costs and benefits
  • long term parties feel equal exchange
  • success-full
  • global reciprocity?
    (perspective of long-term marriage)
26
Q

What are the pathways of long-term relationships

A
  • enduring dynamics: couples interactions In early relationships characterizes course of relationship overtime
  • emergent distress: relationship begins to develop problems overtime, made worse by poor conflict resolution
  • disillusionment: couples start off happy and in love and develop problems over time (grow apart)
27
Q

What is associated with happy marriages

A
  • ability to adapt
  • realize expectations change
  • express few negative emotions
28
Q

How have families changed

A
  • less married couples
  • more common law couples
  • more lone-parent families
29
Q

What is the transition to parenthood

A
  • the addition of a child into the family
30
Q

Biopsychosocial factors in parenthood

A
  • biological: hormonal bond during child bearing
  • Psychological: emotional ups and downs
  • social: change in identity
31
Q

Changes in parenthood

A
  • more canadians living alone without children
  • more young adults living with parents
  • more children living with single fathers
  • age of first child is later: around 29
  • more variability in order of marriage, leave home, have children
32
Q

Marital Satisfaction related to parenthood

A
  • with kids (U shaped, high low high)

- without kids: more stable life satisfaction

33
Q

Gender differences in marital satisfaction related to parenthood

A
  • gender differences in roles
  • with children: become more traditional
  • women: more time on primary and secondary child care
  • men starting to take more of a role
  • women generally more negative than mens perception
34
Q

What are Blended Families

A

( reconstituted families)

  • families with at least one parent living with a child who is not biologically theirs
  • more difficult for mothers and stepchildren
  • complex
35
Q

The Empty Nest

A
  • small number of parents report negative emotions when kids leave
  • children are a major source of parents identity
36
Q

The Empty Nest: Failure to Launch

A
  • children who take longer to leave parents house

- more men than women living longer with parents

37
Q

What are Boomerang Children

A
  • children aged 25-34 who returned back home after moving out
  • seen as more negative than adult children who haven’t left yet
38
Q

What is ‘Doing Gender’

A
  • refers to the tendency of women and men to behave in stereotypically gendered ways
39
Q

How have grandparents changed?

A
  • could spend 40+ years as a grandparent
  • there are fewer grandchildren than in the past
  • more likely to be great-grandparents now
40
Q

What is the average age for grandparents

A
  • often in middle age

- average of 52 years

41
Q

What are Weinsteins Major styles of grandparents

A
  1. Formal
  2. Fun Seeker
  3. Surrogate Parents - take on caregiver role
  4. Reservoir/ Dispenser of family wisdom (usually grandfather)
  5. distant
42
Q

Factors in relationships with grandparents

A
  • relationship influenced by middle generation
  • may act as a mediator between grandchildren and children
  • members of a couple may feel differently about grand-parenting
43
Q

Raising Grandchildren

A
  • Skip-generation households
  • Kinship care
  • increasing , usually dont have legal custody, takes its toll
  • lack of support
44
Q

How do Parent-Adult Child Relationships changes with age

A
  • as they continue to adulthood they may appreciate and or resent parents
45
Q

What are the 6 dimensions of the

Intergenerational Solidarity Model

A

(these are facts impacting how close family members are)

  1. Associational Solidarity: Frequency and pattern of interaction
  2. Affectual Solidarity : Positive sentiment
  3. Consensual Solidarity: agreed values
  4. Functional Solidarity: exchange services, practical or financial
  5. Normative Solidarity: perception re-enactment of norms
  6. Structural : Number of members, location, etc.
46
Q

What is the Intergenerational Stake Hypothesis

A
  • parents more affectionate solidarity to their kids than vice versa (value relationship more)
  • parents try to resolve conflict as constructively as possible
47
Q

What is the Developmental Schism

A
  • the gap between two generations
  • can appear in a variety of different ways
    eg) mother sees daughter as confidante but daughter trying to seek approval from mother
48
Q

What is Role Reversal

A
  • when children take on more of a parent role to the parent

- intergenerational stake vs. contingency (need)

49
Q

What are Sandwich Generations

A
  • mid-life caregivers sandwiched between aging parents and teenaged children
50
Q

What are Helicopter parents

A
  • parents that are super involved
  • effects can carry into adulthood and parents miss children tons
  • not necessarily bad
51
Q

Variability in sibling relationships

A
  • relationships with siblings are especially important for older adults who are single and do not have children
  • siblings have varying levels of closeness, involvement, contact, envy and resentment
52
Q

When are sibling relationships the strongest

A
  • in adolescents and later in life

- rivalry may turn to alliance

53
Q

The importance of friendships in later life

A
  • older friendships are important for maintaining life satisfaction and well-being
54
Q

What is global reciprocity in friendships

A
  • friendships typically have a give and take relationship

- agreement

55
Q

What is Dyadic Withdrawal

A
  • with age, couples tend to have less individual friends and more joint friendships
  • with an increase in age, there is a decrease in social networks
  • more ‘couple friendships’
56
Q

What is Socio-emotional Selectivity in Friendships

A
  • different motivation for social contact

- with age people tend to be more selective In their friendships

57
Q

What are peripheral ties

A
  • ties outside of known friendships
  • ex) grocery store worker that u see and talk to every time you go to the store
  • covid affected this with social isolation and everything moving online which makes less peripheral ties and can be detrimental for older adults health and social well being
58
Q

What are the different friendship styles

A
  • Independent : enjoy the odd thing, but does not make close or intimate friendships
  • Discerning : extremely sensitive with their friend choices, they have a small number of close, intimate friendships
  • Acquisitive : large social networks
59
Q

Relationships with pets

A
  • lots of anecdotal evidence
  • meaning, purpose, control
  • may lower risk of depression
  • improved recovery from heart disease
  • coping strategy for anxiety symptoms
  • part of some long term homes and communities started bringing pets

Psyc 353-Psychology of Aging (13 decks)

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