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Psyc 353-Psychology of Aging > Chapter 6: Sensory Systems (Vision and hearing) > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Sensory Systems (Vision and hearing) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the parts of the eye

A
  • cornea
  • lens
  • ciliary body
  • retina
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2
Q

What does the cornea do and how does it change with age ?

A
  • the cornea is a protective layer on the eye

- with age the cornea increases curvature and thickness, also appears duller

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3
Q

How does the lens of the eye change with age?

A
  • becomes more yellow
  • hardens
  • thickens
  • less light in, 30% amount of the light as a young eye (vision is darker)
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4
Q

What is Presbyopia

A

This is the decreased ability of the eye to accommodate, creates a hard time focusing on nearby objects

  • this is why older people need glasses
  • primary aging
  • avoid smoking, use blue light glasses
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5
Q

How does the overall acuity (sharpness) of eyesight decrease in older adults?

A
  • dynamic vision is worse than static vision

- light and dark adaptation takes longer

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6
Q

What are the causes of blindness?

A
  • cataracts
  • glaucoma
  • macular degeneration
  • diabetic retinopathy
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7
Q

What are Cataracts?

A
  • opaque spots on the lens (clouding on the lens of the eye)
  • primary aging
  • surgery can fix
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8
Q

What is Glaucoma?

A
  • pressure build up in the eye, start losing vision in the peripheral vision
  • (tunnel vision )
  • group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve
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9
Q

What is Macular Degeneration?

A
  • destruction of macula (central vision)
  • wet macular degeneration is characterized by blood vessels that grow under the retina and leak, sudden onset
  • dry macular degeneration is more common, happens over years
  • looks kind of like reversed tunnel vision, centre of vision is blocked
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10
Q

What is Diabetic Retinopathy?

A
  • number of problems related to arteries
  • related to diabetes
  • black splotches in vision
  • blood vessels in the retina at the back of the eye swell, leak, bleed
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11
Q

What are the effects of visual changes with age and what can be done?

A
  • need more light
  • more affected by glare, changes in light, shifting focus
  • what can be done?
    surgery
    glasses
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12
Q

What is Presbycusis

A
  • reduced sensitivity to high-pitched tones
  • age-related hearing loss
  • largely environmental damage, but genetics play some role
  • more problems for men
  • about a third of adults 65 years of age will experience some loss
  • worse in background noise
  • social difficulties
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13
Q

What is Sensorineural loss?

A

damaged hair cells in the ear, resulting in hearing loss

- inner ear or sensory organs (hair?)

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14
Q

Metabolic changes related to hearing in older adults happens where in the ear?

A

in cochlea

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15
Q

How should you talk to an older adult

A
  • make sure there is enough light
  • reduce background noise
  • keep voice low
  • do not talk to them like a child
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16
Q

Social difficulties related to hearing in older adults?

A
  • loss of independence
  • social isolation
  • irritation
  • paranoia
  • depression
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17
Q

What is the information processing model?

A

sensory register (need attention) moves to working memory (needs rehearsal) finishes in the long term memory

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18
Q

Low level processing is impacted by?

A

hearing and vision

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19
Q

High level processing

A

previous experiences and knowledge

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20
Q

Processing Speed

A
  • processing speed: the amount of time it takes for an individual to analyze incoming information, formulate decisions and prepare response
  • the one universal age-related change
  • the integrity of the CNS
  • primary aging
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21
Q

What is Simple Reaction Time?

A
  • responding to stimulus as fast as possible

eg. pushing the key as soon as they see the target such as a red circle appearing on a screen.

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22
Q

What is Choice Reaction Time?

A
  • more than one stimulus
  • each requires a different response
    eg: when you see yellow tap with left hand, if u see green tap right
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23
Q

What are the Inter-individuals differences in reaction time?

A
  • faster when younger, slow decline
  • athletic older adults- faster
  • declines in processing speed leads to deficits in memory and attention
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24
Q

What is the General Slowing Hypothesis?

A
  • inter-individual difference
  • loss of speed in nervous system, this leads to poorer information processing
  • believes that all parts of nervous system and brain become less efficient with age
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25
Q

What is the Age Complexity Hypothesis?

A
  • with complexity, slowing of the system has greater effects (processing speed)
    eg, Brinley plot (plots reaction time of young adults to older adults,
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26
Q

What is Selective Attention?

A
  • choose information to process further while simultaneously suppressing irrelevant or distracting information (limited capacity)
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27
Q

What is a Visual Search?

A
  • type of measurement for reaction time and accuracy
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28
Q

What is a Feature Search?

A
  • pop out effect (parallel processing)
  • looking for one feature
  • young and older adults are similar
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29
Q

What is a Conjunction Search?

A
  • serial processing

- the target differs from the distractors in more than one way

30
Q

How is multitasking (divided attention) impacted with age?

A
  • in general performance suffer, adults more
  • more complex leads to more difficulties
  • practice effects
31
Q

How are older adults inhibitory control impacted?

A
  • less inhibitory control (the suppression of goal-irrelevant stimuli)
  • ignoring irrelevant information
  • increased effect of distracting texted
  • increased stroop effect, adults more
  • stoop test in which you are told to name the colour of the ink in which a word is printed
32
Q

What is a sustained attention task?

A
  • Vigilance (state of keeping careful watch for possible danger )
  • maintain attention over a long period of time
33
Q

What are the the two ways our sustained attention change

A
  1. Vigilance Performance : older adults less accurate at detecting targets
  2. Vigilance Decrement: performance deteriorates at the same rate for young and old
34
Q

Attentional Resources and Aging

A
  • available resources decline
  • related to speed theory
  • with age, you have greater difficulties with attentional tasks because they have less energy available for cognitive operations
35
Q

Inhibitory Deficit Hypothesis

A
  • difficulty inhibiting irrelevant information (internal or external) which limits resources for relevant information
  • includes internal thoughts and doubts
  • But some evidence say compensation is possible
  • reduced ability to tune out or ignore irrelevant information with age
36
Q

How do video games impact young adults?

A
  • improvements in attentional capacity, reaction time, peripheral attention, keeping track of multiple targets
37
Q

How do video games impact older adults?

A
  • some evidence of benefits

- transfer effects: are improvements from the game transfer to other lab tasks or real life

38
Q

The older driver

A

impacted by reaction time, attention, visual systems, physical abilities and medications

39
Q

What is the Alberta protocol for older adults and driving

A
  • required at age 75 and 80 and then every 2 years after the age of 80
  • doctor can recommend a road test
40
Q

What are the problems facing older drivers

A
  • darker, glare, changes in illumination, reading highway signs, seeing the road, reaching for seatbelt, backing up, changing lanes
    (mobility, attention, vision, hearing, ability to detect signs and warnings )
41
Q

What does it mean to have a Useful Field of View (UFOV)

A
  • key predictor of accidents for older adults, practice can help
  • what you can see in your peripheral view, it is considered to be attentional
  • important for driving
42
Q

Should the evaluation of older drivers be cuz of age

A
  • no
  • on -road evaluations
  • pros and cons
  • SIMARD MD: trying to predict crash risk test
43
Q

What is your working memory?

A
  • limited capacity
  • different from short term storage
  • impacted by processing speed and attention
  • default network deactivated and other areas active when awake
44
Q

What are the age-related deficits in working memory?

A
  • no age difference in short term memory though there is a deficit in working memory, episodic memory and complex tasks affected
  • explanation for “cognitive aging”
45
Q

Default network in working memory

A
  • active when the brain is at rest
  • hippocampus, parts of prefrontal, parietal, temporal and part of the cingulate cortex (visualizing)
  • can be seen In PET and FMRI
46
Q

Why do older adults do worse in working memory ?

A
  • because they don’t deactivate default
47
Q

What are the divisions of the long term memory

A
  • episodic memory
  • semantic memory
  • procedural
48
Q

What is your episodic memory

A
  • memory for events
  • things that impact encoding will impact retrieval (attention, speed, WM)
  • age differences in memory recall (encoding and retrieval)
49
Q

What parts of the brain are involved in Episodic Memory

A
  • connections among frontal, temporal and parietal lobes and areas of subcortex
  • white matter hyperintensities in the frontal lobe might cause issues
50
Q

What is the Scaffolding Theory

A
  • alternative neural networks make up for age-related losses
  • deal with changes affecting the WM (prefrontal cortex activity increases
  • enhanced with exercise and cognitive engagement
51
Q

What is remote/ autobiographical memory

A
  • information that must be kept for a very long time

- autobiographical memory is memory about information and events from own life

52
Q

What is the Reminiscence bump?

A
  • the disproportionate number of autobiographical memories in adults over 40 from youth and early adulthood
53
Q

What makes something memorable

A
  • a lot of rehearsal
  • firsts
  • central to identity
  • Flashbulb memories
54
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A
  • big events involving emotion

- amygdala is involved and helps to consolidate the memory

55
Q

What is Semantic Memory

A
  • general knowledge
  • facts
  • no real deficits
  • more tip of the tongue experiences (TOT)
56
Q

What are Tip of the Tongue Experiences

A
  • semantic memory
  • retrieval induced forgetting
    eg. face naming
  • maybe phonological production related to neural declines
  • education may buffer
57
Q

What is Procedural Memory

A
  • how to do things (riding bike, driving a car)
  • no real age-related declines
  • experience here could compensate for declines in speed and WM
    eg. bridge , soccer
58
Q

What is your implicit memory

A
  • learning and remembering without awareness

- no real changes

59
Q

what is source memory

A
  • Implicit memory

- where information came from

60
Q

What the False Fame Effect

A
  • implicit memory
  • increases with age
  • more false memories
  • more likely to store the “gist” of the story
61
Q

What is prospective memory

A
  • remembering to do something
62
Q

what is an event-based task

A

event triggers action

  • prospective memory
  • remembering to perform to return a book when driving past library
63
Q

what is a time-based task

A
  • time triggers action

- prospective memory

64
Q

What abilities related to memory decline

A
  • episodic memory
  • source memory
  • false memory
  • retrieval failure
  • prospective memory
65
Q

What abilities related to memory that are stable

A
  • semantic memory, flashbulb memory, implicit memory, procedural memory
66
Q

What is Over-the-hill Identity Accommodation

A
  • impacted by implicit theory about memory and aging
67
Q

What is Memory Self efficacy

A
  • belief in memory ability

- older adults with lower memory self -efficacy leads to worse on memory tasks

68
Q

What is Stereotype threat

A
  • older adults are impacted by conforming and believing stereotypes
69
Q

What is metamemory

A
  • how memory works, memory controllability
  • identity accommodation: more likely to believe in inevitable decline
  • our self- knowledge and awareness of our own memory processes
70
Q

Method of Loci Training

A

increased white matter density and memory improvement

Psyc 353-Psychology of Aging (13 decks)

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