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Psyc 353-Psychology of Aging > Chapter 4 Physical Changes > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Physical Changes Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Aging

A

Normal age related changes

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2
Q

Skin Changes

A

-Pigmentation changes (moles, dark spots, age spots)
- fewer hair molecules
- largest organ in body
- loss of flexibility and elasticity in connective tissues (Elastin and collagen) around 30s
- skin gets more translucent
- reduced sebaceous and sweat gland activity
(Sebaceous gland creates oils and lubricants for our skin)

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3
Q

Photoaging

A

changes in the skin caused by exposure to UV rays

- this accelerates cross-linking

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4
Q

Nail changes

A

Grow Slower

Grow Thicker

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5
Q

Teeth Changes

A

Loss of enamel

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6
Q

Hair Changes

A
  • Individual / Gender Differences
  • deconstruction of germ centres that produce hair follicles (hair loss)
  • cessation of pigment (melanin) production leads to grey hair
  • facial changes with age as well
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7
Q

Androgenetic Alopecia

A

Hair loss

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8
Q

Implications of physical changes from aging

A
  • close link between physical and psychological well- being
  • cosmetics and surgery’s
  • hair transplants
  • preventative measures to hide changes
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9
Q

Double Standard

A

physical signs of aging and attempts to hide them
For women there is more pressure to hide age related changes
For men, hiding signs of aging not as acceptable, looked down on

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10
Q

Body Build - Decrease in height

A
  • Starts in mid 50s to mid 70s, women lose more than men
  • about an inch
  • loss of bone material in vertebrae (weakening of vertebrae leads to spine to collapse and shorten in length)
  • posture
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11
Q

Body Build - Weight Gain then Loss

A 
Muscles and bone to fat
- Not beneficial weight loss
Fat-Free mass (FFM) decreases (muscle and bones)
Body mass index (BMI) increases 
Men - weight gain near middle
Women- weight gain near hips
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12
Q

Body Build - What to do

A

exercise

Cardio, muscle and bone strengthening, balance

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13
Q

Social Physique Anxiety

A

Anxiety about what your body looks like

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14
Q

Balance

A

Decreased Balance

Can turn into a cycle, previous falls can lead to increased risk of falling again due to fear of falling

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15
Q

Balance - Vestibular System

A

Balance system within the inner ear

  • some primary and some secondary aging effects
  • Dizziness- light headed
  • Vertigo- Spinning feeling
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16
Q

Balance - Practical Strategies

A

Wear proper eyeglasses
Using prosthesis while walking
instal balance aids in the home
Become trained in taking care while walking
Get shower chair or bath bench
Install hand-held shower head
Sit while grooming
Have sturdy step stools if needed in kitchen
Keep the cell phone handy
Avoid throw rugs and many changes in flooring
Tai chi and martial arts good for balance

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17
Q

Sarcopenia

A

that adults years are characterized by progressive age-related loss of muscle tissue , the process is sarcopenia (loss of muscle Mass)

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18
Q

Muscles

A
  • Small decrease in muscle mass, strength and speed of contraction
  • Tendon stiffness also plays a role in strength and related to the cross linking of collagen
  • Little isometric (endurance) and eccentric (going down) strength
  • longer recover after injuries
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19
Q

Sarcopenic obesity

A

obesity linked to loss of muscle mass and having fat

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20
Q

Implications for muscles

A

Resistance and weight training
Stretching
Aerobic exercise

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21
Q

Bone Remodelling

A

Loss and growth throughout life of living bone tissue throughout life, dying cells and creating new ones

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22
Q

Loss of bone tissue timeline

A

begins in late 30s , accelerates in 50s, slows in 70s

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23
Q

Gender differences for body build

A

men tend to gain the weight near their middle

females tend to gain the weight in their hips

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24
Q

Gender Differences and bone

A

Greater effects on women due to hormone levels, less to start with, accelerated by the loss of estrogen and testosterone
-menopause - less estrogen

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25
Impacts of Aging | on Bone
- Microcracks- weakening - loss of collagen/ cross linking - stiffer and less flexible bones break easier - individual differences (genetics, obesity)
26
How to Help bones and aging
- Exercise - don't smoke - increased risk with BMI over 25 - weight and resistance training (best thing for bones is weight bearing exercises like walking or weights) - high protein diet - calcium - Vitamin D - Magnesium
27
Osteoporosis
Leading cause of broken bones in older women - weakening of bone - secondary aging - when your bone mass density (BMD) is more than 2.5 SD below normal
28
Osteoarthritis
Cartilage deterioration
29
Impacts of aging on joints
- wear and tear | - pain, swelling, loss of mobility
30
Implications of aging impacts on joints
- medication, rest, exercise, strength and resistance training, flexibility, yoga - injections of hyaluronic acid - replacement surgery - avoid prolonged sitting
31
Cardiovascular System and aging
- heart and arteries most impacted. The heart can be impacted by cross linking - Slower and more difficult responses to demands - Harder for the heart to contract and pump blood - plaque inside artery walls - men more
32
Aerobic Capacity
the max amount of oxygen that can be delivered through the blood (efficiency declines with age)
33
Cardiac Output
the amount of blood that the heart pumps per minute | efficiency declines with age
34
What to do about cardiovascular impacts and aging
- Exercise throughout life (impacts cognition and blood flow) - Avoid smoking - short term training effects - aerobic activity and resistance training
35
Blood pressure changes with age
- Cholesterol Metabolism (wanting higher HDLs and lower LDLs ) - Exercise helps - genetic component
36
HDL
gets rid of bad cholesterol
37
LDL
Bad cholesterol
38
Respiratory System and age
-small changes, more severe in women - cross linking impacts respiratory muscles and loose ability to expand and contract - more effects with physical stress - AEROBIC EXERCISE CANNOT REVERSE avoid smoking and maintain lower BMI
39
Lung Age
Forced Expiratory volume
40
EEG
measures electrical Activity of the brain
41
CAT or CT
cross-sectional slice of brain | looks at structure
42
MRI
cross-sectional slice of brain | looks at structure
43
PET scan
measures functioning and blood flow
44
fMRI
measures functioning more precise than MRI looks at blood flow
45
Diffuse Tensor Imaging
Quality of connections
46
Models of Aging
Neuronal Fallout | Plasticity
47
Neuronal Fallout
decreases in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, increases in white matter hyper intensities
48
Plasticity
Diet and exercise preserves brain function and cognition
49
Central Nervous System Areas of change with aging
Prefrontal cortex Hippocampus White Matter Hyper intensities
50
Prefrontal Cortex Changes with age
- pre frontal cortex is located behind your eyebrows - plays a part in planning and encoding information in the long-term memory - involved in decision making
51
Hippocampus changes with age
- Consolidation of memories ( creating new long term memories) - smaller with increasing age - neurogenesis related to exercise and new neurons
52
White Matter Hyperintensities
- abnormalities in the frontal lobe (they show up in brain scans ) - deterioration of neurons (Atrophy and cognitive functioning , more is bad)
53
Compensation - HAROLD | Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older Adults
- Both hemispheres in the are not identical, may differ in size, shape - pre frontal cortex in the right hemisphere of the brain shows greater age related decline
54
Compensation - PASA | Posterior-Anterior Shift with Aging
- functional neuroimaging studies of aging - characterized by age- related reductions in occipital activity (posterior) alongside increase in frontal activity (anterior, left) - helps predict shifts with aging
55
Compensation - CRUNCH | Compensation- related Utilization of Neural Circuits Hypothesis
- increased fMRI activity in older adults compared to younger adults should reverse at higher levels of task difficulty
56
Compensation - Superagers
Unique individuals over 80 who show outstanding memory capacity at a level consistent with individuals 20-30 years younger
57
How many hours of sleep do we require per night
7-9 hours
58
Sleep Problems
- impact physical and psychological well being - almost 50% of older adults experience sleep problems - insomnia increases - sleep and wake up earlier - less slow wave sleep (stage 4) and REM - More difficulties adapting
59
Changes in Circadian Rhythm with age
- Older people are mostly morning people and younger are mostly evening people - important in cognitive aging literature
60
Sleep Apnea
Disruption of breathing during sleep | -increases with age
61
Sleep impacts with age
- increased sleep apnea | - impacted by medical conditions, changes in bladder, menopausal symptoms, periodic leg movements
62
how to improve sleep
- exercise, good sleep hygiene, avoid alcohol and food before bed, avoid daytime naps
63
Temperature Control
-Older adults at greatest risk of dying from dysthermia (hypo or hyper)
64
Dysthermia
less able to adjust internal body temperature to outside conditions
65
Three layers of the skin
Epidermis - (outer layer) thins with age Dermis - (middle layer) less flexibility subcutaneous - (inner layer) loss of subcutaneous fat

Psyc 353-Psychology of Aging (13 decks)

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