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Psyc 353-Psychology of Aging > Chapter 4 Physical Changes > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Physical Changes Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary Aging

A

Normal age related changes

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2
Q

Skin Changes

A

-Pigmentation changes (moles, dark spots, age spots)
- fewer hair molecules
- largest organ in body
- loss of flexibility and elasticity in connective tissues (Elastin and collagen) around 30s
- skin gets more translucent
- reduced sebaceous and sweat gland activity
(Sebaceous gland creates oils and lubricants for our skin)

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3
Q

Photoaging

A

changes in the skin caused by exposure to UV rays

- this accelerates cross-linking

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4
Q

Nail changes

A

Grow Slower

Grow Thicker

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5
Q

Teeth Changes

A

Loss of enamel

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6
Q

Hair Changes

A
  • Individual / Gender Differences
  • deconstruction of germ centres that produce hair follicles (hair loss)
  • cessation of pigment (melanin) production leads to grey hair
  • facial changes with age as well
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7
Q

Androgenetic Alopecia

A

Hair loss

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8
Q

Implications of physical changes from aging

A
  • close link between physical and psychological well- being
  • cosmetics and surgery’s
  • hair transplants
  • preventative measures to hide changes
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9
Q

Double Standard

A

physical signs of aging and attempts to hide them
For women there is more pressure to hide age related changes
For men, hiding signs of aging not as acceptable, looked down on

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10
Q

Body Build - Decrease in height

A
  • Starts in mid 50s to mid 70s, women lose more than men
  • about an inch
  • loss of bone material in vertebrae (weakening of vertebrae leads to spine to collapse and shorten in length)
  • posture
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11
Q

Body Build - Weight Gain then Loss

A 
Muscles and bone to fat
- Not beneficial weight loss
Fat-Free mass (FFM) decreases (muscle and bones)
Body mass index (BMI) increases 
Men - weight gain near middle
Women- weight gain near hips
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12
Q

Body Build - What to do

A

exercise

Cardio, muscle and bone strengthening, balance

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13
Q

Social Physique Anxiety

A

Anxiety about what your body looks like

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14
Q

Balance

A

Decreased Balance

Can turn into a cycle, previous falls can lead to increased risk of falling again due to fear of falling

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15
Q

Balance - Vestibular System

A

Balance system within the inner ear

  • some primary and some secondary aging effects
  • Dizziness- light headed
  • Vertigo- Spinning feeling
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16
Q

Balance - Practical Strategies

A

Wear proper eyeglasses
Using prosthesis while walking
instal balance aids in the home
Become trained in taking care while walking
Get shower chair or bath bench
Install hand-held shower head
Sit while grooming
Have sturdy step stools if needed in kitchen
Keep the cell phone handy
Avoid throw rugs and many changes in flooring
Tai chi and martial arts good for balance

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17
Q

Sarcopenia

A

that adults years are characterized by progressive age-related loss of muscle tissue , the process is sarcopenia (loss of muscle Mass)

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18
Q

Muscles

A
  • Small decrease in muscle mass, strength and speed of contraction
  • Tendon stiffness also plays a role in strength and related to the cross linking of collagen
  • Little isometric (endurance) and eccentric (going down) strength
  • longer recover after injuries
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19
Q

Sarcopenic obesity

A

obesity linked to loss of muscle mass and having fat

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20
Q

Implications for muscles

A

Resistance and weight training
Stretching
Aerobic exercise

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21
Q

Bone Remodelling

A

Loss and growth throughout life of living bone tissue throughout life, dying cells and creating new ones

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22
Q

Loss of bone tissue timeline

A

begins in late 30s , accelerates in 50s, slows in 70s

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23
Q

Gender differences for body build

A

men tend to gain the weight near their middle

females tend to gain the weight in their hips

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24
Q

Gender Differences and bone

A

Greater effects on women due to hormone levels, less to start with, accelerated by the loss of estrogen and testosterone
-menopause - less estrogen

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25
Q

Impacts of Aging

on Bone

A
  • Microcracks- weakening
  • loss of collagen/ cross linking
  • stiffer and less flexible bones break easier
  • individual differences (genetics, obesity)
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26
Q

How to Help bones and aging

A
  • Exercise
  • don’t smoke
  • increased risk with BMI over 25
  • weight and resistance training (best thing for bones is weight bearing exercises like walking or weights)
  • high protein diet
  • calcium
  • Vitamin D
  • Magnesium
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27
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Leading cause of broken bones in older women

  • weakening of bone
  • secondary aging
  • when your bone mass density (BMD) is more than 2.5 SD below normal
28
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Cartilage deterioration

29
Q

Impacts of aging on joints

A
  • wear and tear

- pain, swelling, loss of mobility

30
Q

Implications of aging impacts on joints

A
  • medication, rest, exercise, strength and resistance training, flexibility, yoga
  • injections of hyaluronic acid
  • replacement surgery
  • avoid prolonged sitting
31
Q

Cardiovascular System and aging

A
  • heart and arteries most impacted. The heart can be impacted by cross linking
  • Slower and more difficult responses to demands
  • Harder for the heart to contract and pump blood
  • plaque inside artery walls
  • men more
32
Q

Aerobic Capacity

A

the max amount of oxygen that can be delivered through the blood (efficiency declines with age)

33
Q

Cardiac Output

A

the amount of blood that the heart pumps per minute

efficiency declines with age

34
Q

What to do about cardiovascular impacts and aging

A
  • Exercise throughout life (impacts cognition and blood flow)
  • Avoid smoking
  • short term training effects
  • aerobic activity and resistance training
35
Q

Blood pressure changes with age

A
  • Cholesterol Metabolism (wanting higher HDLs and lower LDLs )
  • Exercise helps
  • genetic component
36
Q

HDL

A

gets rid of bad cholesterol

37
Q

LDL

A

Bad cholesterol

38
Q

Respiratory System and age

A

-small changes, more severe in women
- cross linking impacts respiratory muscles and loose ability to expand and contract
- more effects with physical stress
- AEROBIC EXERCISE CANNOT REVERSE
avoid smoking and maintain lower BMI

39
Q

Lung Age

A

Forced Expiratory volume

40
Q

EEG

A

measures electrical Activity of the brain

41
Q

CAT or CT

A

cross-sectional slice of brain

looks at structure

42
Q

MRI

A

cross-sectional slice of brain

looks at structure

43
Q

PET scan

A

measures functioning and blood flow

44
Q

fMRI

A

measures functioning
more precise than MRI
looks at blood flow

45
Q

Diffuse Tensor Imaging

A

Quality of connections

46
Q

Models of Aging

A

Neuronal Fallout

Plasticity

47
Q

Neuronal Fallout

A

decreases in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, increases in white matter hyper intensities

48
Q

Plasticity

A

Diet and exercise preserves brain function and cognition

49
Q

Central Nervous System Areas of change with aging

A

Prefrontal cortex
Hippocampus
White Matter Hyper intensities

50
Q

Prefrontal Cortex Changes with age

A
  • pre frontal cortex is located behind your eyebrows
  • plays a part in planning and encoding information in the long-term memory
  • involved in decision making
51
Q

Hippocampus changes with age

A
  • Consolidation of memories ( creating new long term memories)
  • smaller with increasing age
  • neurogenesis related to exercise and new neurons
52
Q

White Matter Hyperintensities

A
  • abnormalities in the frontal lobe (they show up in brain scans )
  • deterioration of neurons (Atrophy and cognitive functioning , more is bad)
53
Q

Compensation - HAROLD

Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older Adults

A
  • Both hemispheres in the are not identical, may differ in size, shape
  • pre frontal cortex in the right hemisphere of the brain shows greater age related decline
54
Q

Compensation - PASA

Posterior-Anterior Shift with Aging

A
  • functional neuroimaging studies of aging
  • characterized by age- related reductions in occipital activity (posterior) alongside increase in frontal activity (anterior, left) - helps predict shifts with aging
55
Q

Compensation - CRUNCH

Compensation- related Utilization of Neural Circuits Hypothesis

A
  • increased fMRI activity in older adults compared to younger adults should reverse at higher levels of task difficulty
56
Q

Compensation - Superagers

A

Unique individuals over 80 who show outstanding memory capacity at a level consistent with individuals 20-30 years younger

57
Q

How many hours of sleep do we require per night

A

7-9 hours

58
Q

Sleep Problems

A
  • impact physical and psychological well being
  • almost 50% of older adults experience sleep problems
  • insomnia increases
  • sleep and wake up earlier
  • less slow wave sleep (stage 4) and REM
  • More difficulties adapting
59
Q

Changes in Circadian Rhythm with age

A
  • Older people are mostly morning people and younger are mostly evening people
  • important in cognitive aging literature
60
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

Disruption of breathing during sleep

-increases with age

61
Q

Sleep impacts with age

A
  • increased sleep apnea

- impacted by medical conditions, changes in bladder, menopausal symptoms, periodic leg movements

62
Q

how to improve sleep

A
  • exercise, good sleep hygiene, avoid alcohol and food before bed, avoid daytime naps
63
Q

Temperature Control

A

-Older adults at greatest risk of dying from dysthermia (hypo or hyper)

64
Q

Dysthermia

A

less able to adjust internal body temperature to outside conditions

65
Q

Three layers of the skin

A

Epidermis - (outer layer) thins with age
Dermis - (middle layer) less flexibility
subcutaneous - (inner layer) loss of subcutaneous fat

Psyc 353-Psychology of Aging (13 decks)

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