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Psyc 353-Psychology of Aging > Chapter 5: Health and Prevention > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Health and Prevention Flashcards

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1
Q

Whats the definition of Morbidity Rate?

A
  • this is illness rate at which acute and chronic conditions occur
  • greater for younger adults
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2
Q

What are Acute Conditions?

A
  • these are conditions that develop over a short period of time, rapid change in health
  • eg. flu and colds
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3
Q

What are Chronic Conditions?

A
  • conditions lasts a long time (minimum of 3 months)

- increased risk with age

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4
Q

What are the 5 most common chronic conditions?

A
  1. Allergies
  2. Back Problems
  3. Hypertension
  4. Osteoarthritis
  5. Diabetes
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5
Q

What is Mutual-morbidity

A
  • experiences more than one condition at a time
  • low income females are at the greatest risk
  • older indigenous adults experience higher prevalence rates across all conditions
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6
Q

What is a Disability?

A
  • WHO: “health” state of well-being, physical, mental and social well being
  • often resulting from chronic conditions, unable to complete activities that are necessary, expected and personally desired
  • closely related to quality of life
  • fairly high rates for chronic conditions but the majority reported satisfied or vey satisfied with lives (90%)
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7
Q

What are Activities of Daily Living (ADL)?

A
  • personal care for self maintenance
  • eating, dressing, getting around the house
  • necessary to live independently
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8
Q

What are Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)

A
  • these are more complex (cognitive) activities
  • medication, finances, cooking
  • getting around the community
  • culture specific
  • rates of disability have declined
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9
Q

What are the risk factors for Cardiovascular disease

A
  • tobacco use, alcohol use, unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle, obesity
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10
Q

What are the risk factors for Cancer

A
  • tobacco use, alcohol use, unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle, obesity
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11
Q

Risk factors for Diabetes

A
  • unhealthy lifestyle, sedentary lifestyle, obesity
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12
Q

Risk factors for Chronic Lung Disease

A

tobacco use

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13
Q

Statistics about Disease

A
  • chronic disease and disability is not an inevitable part of aging
  • 75% of adults over 65 have no aspects of disability
  • 80% over 85 are aging place
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14
Q

What are Cardiovascular Diseases

A
  • involves the heart and blood vessels

- number one cause of death worldwide

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15
Q

What is Arteriosclerosis

A
  • cardiovascular disease
  • the thickening and hardening of arteries
  • primary aging, cross linking (collagen)
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16
Q

What is Atherosclerosis

A
  • cardiovascular disease
  • fat deposits (plaques) and calcification of arterial walls
  • secondary aging
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17
Q

What is Coronary Heart Disease

A
  • cardiovascular disease

- this is damage caused by atherosclerosis affects arteries that feed the heart (chronic condition)

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18
Q

What is Myocardial Infarction (MI)

A
  • cardiovascular disease
  • heart attack
  • acute condition
  • decreased blood supply to the heart
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19
Q

What is Hypertension

A
  • cardiovascular disease

- chronically elevated blood pressure

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20
Q

What is Congestive Heart Failure

A
  • cardiovascular disease
  • when the heart cannot meet the demands of the body, gets backed up (fluid buildup), causing the heart to pump insufficiently
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21
Q

What is a Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

A
  • cardiovascular disease
  • this is when the leading artery to the brain burst or is clogged and then brain becomes deprived of oxygen (blood clots or burst blood vessels in the brain)
  • results in stroke, permanent damage
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22
Q

What is Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A
  • cardiovascular disease
  • mini strokes, temporary blockage (typically a blood clot)
  • blood flow should come back, where as with a stroke there is permanent damage to the brain
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23
Q

Gender differences for Heart Attack

A
  • cardiovascular disease

- gender differences in progression , reoccurrence and symptoms

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24
Q

What are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A
  • smoking : damages arteries
  • inactivity
  • unhealthy diet- not enough fruits and veg
  • obesity- LDLs
  • high alcohol consumption
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25
Q

What is a Metabolic Syndrome

A
  • a group of 5 conditions that can lead to cardiovascular diseases
    1. High blood sugar
    2. high blood pressure
    3. low HDL and high LDL
    4. high triglycerides
    5. excess fat around waist
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26
Q

What type of cancer is the leading cause of death in Canada?

A
  • lung: most deadly and most common in older adults

- death rate is declining rapidly- treatment, detection and prevention is getting better (better screening)

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27
Q

What are the risk factors for cancer?

A
  • risk factors increase with age
  • genetics: breast and colon
  • smoking
  • inactivity
  • overweight (red and processed meats)
  • UV rays- tanning beds before age 30 increase you chance of skin cancer by 75%
  • hormones
  • environmental and lifestyle factors
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28
Q

What are detection factors for Cancer

A
  • screening and early detection are key

- genetic testing (gene mutation BRCA1 and BRCA2, breast and ovarian cancers)

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29
Q

Prevention methods for Cancer

A
  • surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

- screening for mammograms, prostate cancer, are there risks to this? (not super effective)

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30
Q

Which gene mutations are linked to breast and ovarian cancer?

A

BCRA1 and BCRA2

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31
Q

What is Osteoarthritis

A
  • musculoskeletal system
  • cartilage deterioration In joints
  • exercises like swimming is good because it has less strain on the joints
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32
Q

What is Osteoporosis

A
  • musculoskeletal system
  • bones become weak and brittle (cross-linking of collagen)
  • more common in women
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33
Q

What are the risk factors for osteoporosis

A
  • women of european and asian descent
  • small bone structure
  • underweight
  • post-menopausal
  • excessive alcohol and smoking
  • strength bearing exercise are beneficial
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34
Q

Prevention and Treatment methods for Osteoporosis

A
  • calcium
  • protein, magnesium, potassium, vitamins K Bs and D, Carotenoids
  • exercise
  • hormone replacement
35
Q

What are the types of Diabetes?

A
  • type 1: childhood
  • type 2: adult onset
  • unable to metabolize glucose
36
Q

What factors are associated with Diabetes

A
  • older age
  • obesity
  • inactivity
37
Q

Diabetes increases your risk of?

A
  • increased risk of heart disease
  • stroke
  • cause of blindness
  • kidney disease
38
Q

What are the ethnic differences for diabetes

A
  • indigenous individuals

- culturally sensitive initiative important

39
Q

What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A
  • there are two kinds of this disease that are not really treatable
    1. Chronic Emphysema
    2. Chronic Bronchitis
40
Q

What is Chronic Bronchitis

A
  • respiratory diseases
  • this is inflammation of bronchi
  • increased mucus and coughing
  • bronchial tubes become inflamed and irritated
  • main cause is smoking
41
Q

What is Chronic Emphysema

A
  • respiratory disease
  • this is the loss of elasticity in the alveoli which leads to permanent destruction of alveoli (elastin is destroyed)
  • 82% self induced by smoking
  • smoking leads to elastase to be released and other changes causes damage to lung tissue
42
Q

What is Dementia

A
  • Neurocognitive Disorder
  • dementia is a family of disorders that include cognitive and behavioural deficits
  • there is also some form of permanent damage to the brain
43
Q

What is Alzheimer’s Disease?

Canadian Statistics?

A
  • 90% of cases develop after 65 years of age
  • most common form of dementia
  • 5% of Canadians 65 and up
44
Q

What are the stages of the psychological symptoms in the development of Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • Early stage: short term memory loss, symptoms may not be noticeable to everyone
  • Middle Stage: mental confusion, loss of self awareness, people notice
  • Late Stage: severe cognitive impairment, speech impairment, name forgetting, neglect hygiene
    (survival time following diagnosis is about 5 years)
45
Q

What are the Biological Changes involved with Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • Neurofibrillary Tangles
  • Amyloid Plaques
  • Vacuoles
46
Q

What are Neurofibrillary Tangles?

A
  • made of tau protein

- disrupt communication and cause cell death

47
Q

What are Amyloid Plaques

A
  • this is the build up of protein fragments called beta-amyloid
  • disrupt communication and causes cell death
48
Q

What are Vacuoles

A
  • these are gaps in the brain that get bigger, more indirect

- due to the loss of cells due to plaques and tangles.

49
Q

Steps in the formation of beta-amyloid plaque

A
  • amyloid precursor protein APP sticks through the membrane
  • enzymes leave beta-amyloid protein, which releases it into the space outside the neuron
  • Clumps of beta-amyloid collect and begin to form a plaque
50
Q

Steps in the formation of Neurofibrillary Tangles

A
  • disintegrating microtubule
  • microtubule subunits and falls apart
  • tangled clumps of tau proteins
51
Q

Proposed causes of Biological changes of Alzheimer’s

A
  • existence of plaques and tangles do not guarantee symptoms
  • still unclear which comes first
52
Q

What is the Theory ApoE Abnormality ?

A
  • gene thought to be involved with Alzheimer’s Disease
  • Chromosome 19
  • ApoE binds to beta amyloid and may lead to plaques
53
Q

What is the Theory APP gene ?

A
  • gene thought to be involved with Alzheimer’s Disease
  • chromosome 21
  • APP appears to control production of APP, protein that generates beta-amyloid
54
Q

What is the Theory of Presenilin Genes?

A
  • gene thought to be involved with Alzheimer’s Disease
  • PS1 and PS2
  • lead APP to increase its production of beta amyloid
55
Q

What are deterministic genes

A
  • genes that guarantee a person will develop the disorder
  • early onset (1%)
  • eg. Autosomal Dominant Pattern (Huntingtons Disease)
56
Q

What are risk genes

A
  • probability of the individual carrying a specific disease associated mutation
  • The presence of APOE-e4- particular allele on the APEO gene
57
Q

What are the protective factors for Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • cognitive reserve: efficiency of brain pathology, minds resistance to damage to the brain
  • exercise, social network, mediterranean diet, education
  • more brain pathology doesn’t mean worse symptoms
58
Q

What are the risk factors of Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • concussions
  • psychological disorders
  • COVID
59
Q

How do you diagnose Alzheimers Disease

A

significant and progressive decline in one or more of

  • social cognition
  • memory
  • aphasia
  • apraxia
  • agnosia
  • executive functioning
60
Q

What is Aphasia

A

language difficulties

- symptom of Alzheimer’s

61
Q

What is Apraxia

A

gesture and movement difficulties

62
Q

What is Agnosia

A

identifying common objects difficulties

63
Q

What is Anticholinesterases used for

A
  • medical treatment for Alzheimer’s
  • decreases action of cholinesterase’s leading to more acetylcholine (related to memory and muscle movement) in the brain, important for hippocampus and memory, mild to moderate AD
64
Q

What is Memantine and Aricept used for

A
  • medical treatment for Alzheimer’s

- blocks glutamate receptors leading to the reduction in neuronal death

65
Q

What do antioxidants do for Alzheimer’s Disease

A

makes oxygen more available to neurons

66
Q

How can drugs help Alzheimer’s Disease

A

drugs allow one to stay in early stage a bit longer

67
Q

What is Aducanumab?

A
  • the first drug getting at the biological causes, removes plaques
68
Q

What are the Psychosocial Treatments for Alzheimers

A
  • must also consider caregivers and caregiver burden
  • Behavioural methods: independent, prompts, cues, modelling, positive reinforcement
  • accepting living with the disease
  • music therapy
69
Q

What is Vascular Dementia (MID)

A
  • series of TIAs (mini strokes)
  • second leading cause of dementia in Canada
  • more rapid
  • similar risks as cerebrovascular disease
70
Q

What are Frontotemporal disorders

A
  • neurocognitive disorder
  • changes in personality
  • apathy, lack in inhibition, addictive behaviours
71
Q

What is Parkinson’s Disease

A
  • cluster of motor problems and tremors at rest

- 10-15 year survival

72
Q

What is Lewy Body Dementia

A
  • neurocognitive disorder

- confusion and hallucinations

73
Q

What is Pick’s Disease

A
  • severe atrophy of frontal and temporal lobes (similar to frontotemporal)
  • symptoms such as disorientation and memory loss, need pick complexes in brain for this diagnosis
  • later: pronounced personality changes and loss of social constraints
74
Q

What is Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus

A
  • reversible neurocognitive disorder
  • block and build up of cerebrospinal fluid in ventricles of brain
  • must relieve the pressure
75
Q

What is a Subdural Hematoma

A
  • reversible neurocognitive disorder

- clot on surface of brain

76
Q

What is Delirium

A
  • reversible neurocognitive disorder
  • confused thinking and reduced awareness about the environment around them
  • can be misdiagnosed as dementia
  • up tp 40% of hospitalizations in older adults
77
Q

What does Polypharmacy mean

A

medications

78
Q

What Is Wernickes Disease and Korsakoff Syndrome (chronic)

A

memory impairment

-associated with alcohol use

79
Q

What is Pseudodementia

A

depression

80
Q

What are Blue Zones of the world

A
  • areas of the world that has more centenarians

- answers the question “why do some people live linger and/or are healthier than others

81
Q

List a few of the Canadian Governments determinants of health

A
  • childhood experiences
  • income and social status
  • genetics
82
Q

What are some of the social determinants of health?

A
  • SES
  • stress
  • education (higher education)
  • marital status, people tend to live longer when they are married
83
Q

What are the genetic factors involved in why some people live longer and/or are healthier than others

A
  • disease

- personality (Type A, hostility, optimism)

84
Q

Age friendly cities and communities

A
  • outdoor spaces and buildings
  • transportation
  • housing
  • social participation

Psyc 353-Psychology of Aging (13 decks)

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