Chapter 9 - Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Flashcards
Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage is?
- children use schemes that allow them to think more logically about objects and events in the real world
Decentration?
- thinking that involves multiple variables
- HxW
Reversibility
- understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be reversed
allows the child to go from a specific experience to a general principle
- inductive logic
- small to big
- increased at this age
What is an example of formal operational?
- can imagine a feather is made out of titanium
Horizontal Decalage
- once a child learns a function, they cannot immediately apply it
Siegler suggests there are _____
- no stages (age), only sequences
- problem-solving rules develop from own experience and trial and error
Processing efficiency (myelination)
- use of short-term memory capacity increases with age
- cognitive gets faster
Automaticity
- recall from long-term
- frees up short-term memory
- long division, letter formation
Executive processes
- meta-cognition, able to see goals, strategy to reach those goals
Does advanced skill in one area improve general levels of memory or reasoning?
- no, (expertise)
mental or vocal repetition; common in older children and adults
Rehearsal
grouping ideas, objects, or words into clusters, such as “all animals”
- two-year-olds use primitive clustering
Organization
finding shared meaning or a common referent for two or more things
Elaboration
a device to assist memory
- Every Good Boy Does Fine
Mnemonic
“scanning” one’s memory for the whole domain in which a piece of information might actually be found
Systematic Searching
What do school age children know/learn/master from language?
- proficient, mastered most of basic grammar
- remember topic, clear and polite, persuasive
By age 5 to 6 children master____
- basic grammar, and pronunciation of native langauge
By age 8 to 9, the child shifts to new structure of language, such as _________
- relationship with whole categories of words
- adjectives and adverbs or between adjectives and nouns
conduct disorders, social maladjustment, ADHD, and emotional disorders
Behaviour Disorders
language impairment, speech impairment, and learning disability
Communication Disorders
deafness and hearing impairment, blindness and low vision
Sensory Impairments
giftedness, mild intellectual disability, and developmental disability
Intellectual Differences
childhood psychosis, childhood schizophrenia, and infantile autism
Pervasive Developmental Disorders
- socialization, communication
neurological defects, physical disability, and conditions that result from infection and disease
Physical Disorders and Impaired Health
Learning disability
- impairments in one or more processes related to perceiving, thinking, remembering, or learning
Dyslexia is _____
- specific to deficits in reading and not a general cognitive dysfunction
What are successful interventions for dyslexia? (4)
- early identification
- timely specialized assessments
- involve home, school, community and workplace
- include provision of specific skill instruction, accommodations, compensatory strategies, and self-advocacy skills
What are two causes of ADHD?
- interaction of genetic and environmental factors that are unique to the specific child
- mismatch between current and historical learning environments, favour behaviour over survival needs
List environmental risk factors for ADHD (9)
- brain injury
- exposure to environmental toxins
- parenting styles
- peer relations
- interactions with teachers
- stressors in child’s life
- sleep disturbance
- family instability
- parental mental illness
Compared to their peers, children with ADHD exhibit? (5)
- higher activity level
- lower ability to sustain attention
- lower ability to control impulse
- display more sleep problems
- equal with attention tasks
Hyperactive-impulsive type
- high activity levels is the main problem
- frigidity, can’t stay still
Inattentive type
- inability to sustain attention is major difficulty
Combined type
- symptoms of both
Discuss some ways to treat and manage ADHD?
- parental training programs to regain sense of control
- stimulant medications (Ritalin) = reduce children’s activity levels, control impulses, and improve social behaviour
