Chapter 11 - Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence Flashcards
Primary sex characteristics
- growth of testes and penis in the male
- ovaries, uterus, and vagina in female
Secondary sex characteristics
- breast development in girls
- voice pitch change and beard growth in males
- growth of body hair in both sexes
What are the five stages of sexual maturity?
1) preadolescent stage
2) pubertal change
3/4) intermediate steps
5) encompasses the final development of adult characteristics
What is menarche?
- beginning of menstrual cycles
- occurs around age 12.7
- avg. age has dec.
- avg. height has inc.
Deductive
- hypothesis, implications, derive conclusions from hypothetical premises
- think abstractly
- think about worlds other then own
- think systemically
Formal operational stage is?
- adolescents learn to reason logically about abstract concepts
Systematic problem-solving
- ability to search methodically for answers to problems
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
- ability to derive conclusions from hypothetical premises
Naive idealism
- mental construct of an ideal world as compared to the real world
What are two characteristics that separate adolescents from younger children?
- tendency to exaggerate others’ reactions to one’s own behaviour
- tendency to base decisions on unrealistic ideas about future
Formal operational reasoning enables teen to…
- better understand figurative language (metaphors)
- show future orientation
(increases with education)
Boy who begin sexual activity early (6)
- live in poor neighbourhoods with low parental monitoring
- come from poor families
- have families who condone sexual activity
- have lax dating rules
- are more likely to use alcohol
- were abused or neglected in childhood
Girls who are sexually active… (4)
- experience earlier menarche
- have low interest in school
- dated at an early age
- have a history of sexual abuse
What influences sexual behaviours in adolescents? (4)
- greater risk factors = inc. sexual activity
- moral beliefs predict sexual activity
- lower in those involved in sports
- alcohol
_____ continues to be the most commonly reported infectious disease in Canada.
Chlamydia
(true or false) No scientific research has shown that abstinence-only sex education programs significantly increase the delay of first intercourse or reduce the prevalence of sexual behaviour in teens
True
Making condoms more readily available to teenagers __________.
- does not increase their rate of sexual activity;
- but it does increase the use of condoms by teenagers who are already sexually active
Do Canadian parents and teens believe sex ed is important?
yes, explicit information on topics such as reproduction, birth control, STI/AIDS prevention, relationships, sexual orientation, sexual abuse, and societal beliefs about sexual morals is vitally important and should be provided in our schools
Birth rate for teens 15 to 19 years has _____.
declined
Who achieves milestones faster, older or teenage mothers?
- older mothers
Teenage pregnancy occurs more often…
- if sexual activity started early
- in girls from poor, single-parent, and uneducated families
- if the girls mother had an early pregnancy
When does an individual realize who he or she is attracted to?
- full self-awareness and acceptance of one’s non-heterosexual orientation appear to take place in early adulthood
What are some key issues with transgendered teens?
- may have been exposed to atypical amounts of androgens in the womb, although remains a mystery
- sex reassignment reserved for adults
- coping may be difficult
Who has a higher level of “sensation-seeking”?
- teenagers
- fast driving or drugs
- leads to recklessness and inc. rates of accidents
______ behaviours more common in adolescence.
Risky
What makes a teenager want to use alcohol or drugs? (4)
- enjoyable activity, part of being sociable
- way to cope with stress or emotional pain
- heightened levels of sensation-seeking, which interacts with parenting styles
- home environments
Drug use among Canadian youth has been steadily ______.
declining
Average age of first-time drug use (including alcohol) is ______.
13 to 14
What is one serious consequence of alcohol?
- 16 to 19 year-old youth have the third highest rate of impaired driving charges of any group
What has been the trend with cigarette smoking?
- declined since 1970s
- electronic cigarettes increase in Canada, one-quarter of students have tried vaping
______ are among the most significant mental health problems during adolescence
Eating disorders
Bulimia
- an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and purging
Anorexia nervosa
- eating disorder characterized by self-starvation
What are risk factors for eating disorders? (3)
- inconsistency between the person’s internal image of a desirable body and her perception of her own body
- thinness = attractive women
> girls internalize the “thin ideal” during middle childhood and use these images as standards against which to compare the changes in their bodies that happen during puberty - tendency toward distorted thinking
_____ drops in early adolescence and _____ rises.
Self-esteem, depression
_____ suicide is about about 31⁄2 times higher for adolescent boys than girls in Canada
Completed
the second leading cause of death for Canadian young people aged 15-19
Suicide
Why are suicide attempts are estimated to be three times more common among girls than among boys?
- girls use methods less likely to succeed (self-poisoning)
- lower self-esteem and societal pressures
Most medical treatment focuses on treatment of ________ associated with _______ behaviour.
depression, suicidal
Anti-depression drugs have been linked with _____ suicidal ideation.
increased
The suicide rate for _____ peoples in Canada is 6 and 11 times higher, respectively, than for non-Aboriginal people
Aboriginal
What has been done for a long-term prevention plan and changes for First Nations Youth Suicide Crisis?
- cultural continuity
- strengthen and preserve their cultural heritage
Task Goals
- personal standards and a desire to become more competent (in most 5th graders)
- associated with greater sense of personal control and positive attitudes about school
Ability Goals
- based on desire to be superior to others; define success in competitive terms (6th graders)
- students may adopt relative standards
- good means beating someone else
- more likely than others to attribute success and failure to forces outside themselves
Elective classes and extracurricular activities are associated with high levels of __________.
intrinsic motivation and intense mental effort
____ perform better in reading skills.
Girls
___ perform better in math skills.
Boys
______ are more satisfied with school and have better relationships with both schoolmates and parents.
Higher achievers
_______ are moderately associated with high-risk behaviours such as smoking, drinking, and using marijuana.
Lower achievers
Skipping class is associated with…
- involvement in high risk behaviours
- lower levels of academic achievement
- strained relationship with parents
Achievement is associated with…
- parents who have high aspirations for them
- authoritative parenting style
Leaving school early is associated with… (4)
- low socioeconomic status (with single parent)
- lack of psychological support for academic achievement
- negative peer influence
- less involvement in clubs, sports
