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PSYC 2235 > Chapter 11 - Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A
  • growth of testes and penis in the male

- ovaries, uterus, and vagina in female

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2
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A
  • breast development in girls
  • voice pitch change and beard growth in males
  • growth of body hair in both sexes
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3
Q

What are the five stages of sexual maturity?

A

1) preadolescent stage
2) pubertal change
3/4) intermediate steps
5) encompasses the final development of adult characteristics

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4
Q

What is menarche?

A
  • beginning of menstrual cycles
  • occurs around age 12.7
  • avg. age has dec.
  • avg. height has inc.
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5
Q

Deductive

A
  • hypothesis, implications, derive conclusions from hypothetical premises
  • think abstractly
  • think about worlds other then own
  • think systemically
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6
Q

Formal operational stage is?

A
  • adolescents learn to reason logically about abstract concepts
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7
Q

Systematic problem-solving

A
  • ability to search methodically for answers to problems
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8
Q

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

A
  • ability to derive conclusions from hypothetical premises
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9
Q

Naive idealism

A
  • mental construct of an ideal world as compared to the real world
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10
Q

What are two characteristics that separate adolescents from younger children?

A
  • tendency to exaggerate others’ reactions to one’s own behaviour
  • tendency to base decisions on unrealistic ideas about future
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11
Q

Formal operational reasoning enables teen to…

A
  • better understand figurative language (metaphors)
  • show future orientation
    (increases with education)
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12
Q

Boy who begin sexual activity early (6)

A
  • live in poor neighbourhoods with low parental monitoring
  • come from poor families
  • have families who condone sexual activity
  • have lax dating rules
  • are more likely to use alcohol
  • were abused or neglected in childhood
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13
Q

Girls who are sexually active… (4)

A
  • experience earlier menarche
  • have low interest in school
  • dated at an early age
  • have a history of sexual abuse
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14
Q

What influences sexual behaviours in adolescents? (4)

A
  • greater risk factors = inc. sexual activity
  • moral beliefs predict sexual activity
  • lower in those involved in sports
  • alcohol
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15
Q

_____ continues to be the most commonly reported infectious disease in Canada.

A

Chlamydia

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16
Q

(true or false) No scientific research has shown that abstinence-only sex education programs significantly increase the delay of first intercourse or reduce the prevalence of sexual behaviour in teens

A

True

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17
Q

Making condoms more readily available to teenagers __________.

A
  • does not increase their rate of sexual activity;

- but it does increase the use of condoms by teenagers who are already sexually active

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18
Q

Do Canadian parents and teens believe sex ed is important?

A

yes, explicit information on topics such as reproduction, birth control, STI/AIDS prevention, relationships, sexual orientation, sexual abuse, and societal beliefs about sexual morals is vitally important and should be provided in our schools

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19
Q

Birth rate for teens 15 to 19 years has _____.

A

declined

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20
Q

Who achieves milestones faster, older or teenage mothers?

A
  • older mothers
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21
Q

Teenage pregnancy occurs more often…

A
  • if sexual activity started early
  • in girls from poor, single-parent, and uneducated families
  • if the girls mother had an early pregnancy
22
Q

When does an individual realize who he or she is attracted to?

A
  • full self-awareness and acceptance of one’s non-heterosexual orientation appear to take place in early adulthood
23
Q

What are some key issues with transgendered teens?

A
  • may have been exposed to atypical amounts of androgens in the womb, although remains a mystery
  • sex reassignment reserved for adults
  • coping may be difficult
24
Q

Who has a higher level of “sensation-seeking”?

A
  • teenagers
  • fast driving or drugs
  • leads to recklessness and inc. rates of accidents
25
Q

______ behaviours more common in adolescence.

A

Risky

26
Q

What makes a teenager want to use alcohol or drugs? (4)

A
  • enjoyable activity, part of being sociable
  • way to cope with stress or emotional pain
  • heightened levels of sensation-seeking, which interacts with parenting styles
  • home environments
27
Q

Drug use among Canadian youth has been steadily ______.

A

declining

28
Q

Average age of first-time drug use (including alcohol) is ______.

A

13 to 14

29
Q

What is one serious consequence of alcohol?

A
  • 16 to 19 year-old youth have the third highest rate of impaired driving charges of any group
30
Q

What has been the trend with cigarette smoking?

A
  • declined since 1970s

- electronic cigarettes increase in Canada, one-quarter of students have tried vaping

31
Q

______ are among the most significant mental health problems during adolescence

A

Eating disorders

32
Q

Bulimia

A
  • an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and purging
33
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A
  • eating disorder characterized by self-starvation
34
Q

What are risk factors for eating disorders? (3)

A
  • inconsistency between the person’s internal image of a desirable body and her perception of her own body
  • thinness = attractive women
    > girls internalize the “thin ideal” during middle childhood and use these images as standards against which to compare the changes in their bodies that happen during puberty
  • tendency toward distorted thinking
35
Q

_____ drops in early adolescence and _____ rises.

A

Self-esteem, depression

36
Q

_____ suicide is about about 31⁄2 times higher for adolescent boys than girls in Canada

A

Completed

37
Q

the second leading cause of death for Canadian young people aged 15-19

A

Suicide

38
Q

Why are suicide attempts are estimated to be three times more common among girls than among boys?

A
  • girls use methods less likely to succeed (self-poisoning)

- lower self-esteem and societal pressures

39
Q

Most medical treatment focuses on treatment of ________ associated with _______ behaviour.

A

depression, suicidal

40
Q

Anti-depression drugs have been linked with _____ suicidal ideation.

A

increased

41
Q

The suicide rate for _____ peoples in Canada is 6 and 11 times higher, respectively, than for non-Aboriginal people

A

Aboriginal

42
Q

What has been done for a long-term prevention plan and changes for First Nations Youth Suicide Crisis?

A
  • cultural continuity

- strengthen and preserve their cultural heritage

43
Q

Task Goals

A
  • personal standards and a desire to become more competent (in most 5th graders)
  • associated with greater sense of personal control and positive attitudes about school
44
Q

Ability Goals

A
  • based on desire to be superior to others; define success in competitive terms (6th graders)
  • students may adopt relative standards
  • good means beating someone else
  • more likely than others to attribute success and failure to forces outside themselves
45
Q

Elective classes and extracurricular activities are associated with high levels of __________.

A

intrinsic motivation and intense mental effort

46
Q

____ perform better in reading skills.

A

Girls

47
Q

___ perform better in math skills.

A

Boys

48
Q

______ are more satisfied with school and have better relationships with both schoolmates and parents.

A

Higher achievers

49
Q

_______ are moderately associated with high-risk behaviours such as smoking, drinking, and using marijuana.

A

Lower achievers

50
Q

Skipping class is associated with…

A
  • involvement in high risk behaviours
  • lower levels of academic achievement
  • strained relationship with parents
51
Q

Achievement is associated with…

A
  • parents who have high aspirations for them

- authoritative parenting style

52
Q

Leaving school early is associated with… (4)

A
  • low socioeconomic status (with single parent)
  • lack of psychological support for academic achievement
  • negative peer influence
  • less involvement in clubs, sports

PSYC 2235 (10 decks)

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