Chapter 13/14 Flashcards
Post-formal thought (Piaget)
- hypothesized fifth stage of cognitive development
Relativism
- everything is relative
- some things cannot be described as either true or false
Dialectical thought
- may not have a single solution
- pros vs. cons
Reflective Judgement
- ones logic/worldview
- underlying assumptions of different perspectives on controversial issues
IQ scores are _ across middle childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood.
- stable
Crystallized intelligence
- depends on education and experience
- vocabulary, ability to read, technical skills
- stabilized or inc. over time
Fluid intelligence
- “basic” abilities
- working memory and processing speed (CNS)
- “abstract thinking”
- decline with age (35-40)
Cross-sectional comparisons support a steady __________ in IQ.
drop
Longitudinal evidence suggests IQ __________ in early adulthood, _______________ until age 60, and then _____________.
rises, plateaus, declines
______ of Canadian adults aged 25-64 possess a post-secondary credential.
2/3rds
Canada remains ______________________ in the world when it comes to post-secondary completion rates.
top-ranked
Post-secondary graduates earn ____ and have clear employment ____ especially for young women.
more, advantage
Intimacy versus Isolation
- Erikson’s early adulthood stage
- individual must find a life partner in order to avoid social isolation
Intimacy
- engage in supportive, affectionate relationship without losing identity
Successful resolution of the intimacy versus isolation stage depends on a good resolution of the _______________________________ crisis encountered in adolescence.
identity versus role confusion
Erikson stated that __________ is central.
establishment of own identity
Life structure
- Levinson’s theory
- pattern or design
- roles, relationships, and behaviour patterns
An adult passes through three phases when a new life structure is required: NMC
1) novice phase
2) mid-era phase
3) culmination phase
17 and 22 as a _____.
transitional one
When individuals explore options prior to committing to adults roles
- emerging adulthood (late teens to early 20s)
______ studies have provided some support for the notion that emerging adulthood is a unique period of life.
Neuroimaging
Emerging adults must address developmental tasks in five domains:
- A
- F
- C
- W
- R
1) academic
2) friendship
3) conduct
4) work
5) romantic
_________ often cite research on sex differences in mate preferences and mating behaviour to support their views.
Evolutionary theories
_____ prefer physically attractive, younger women.
Men
____ look for men with higher socioeconomic status, offering earning potential and stability.
Women
___________ says that sex differences in mate preferences and mating behaviour are based on the different amounts of time and effort men & women must invest in child-rearing.
Parental investment theory
Social Role Theory
- sex differences in mate preferences and behaviour are adaptations to gender roles
Assortative mating (homogamy)
- tendency to mate with someone who has similar traits
EEG scans show there is greater _______________________ among couples and close friends than there is among strangers.
Neuo-synchrony
The Neuroscience of Human Attachment
- attachment processes
Parent-infant and romantic-couple bonds share much of the same neural architecture and physiology:
- dopamine and oxytocin
Quality of relationships depend on 3 factors
- attachment
- love
- conflict management
Relationship Quality
- intimacy issues = more important than material aspects
- each partner brings something to table
- personality
- attitude towards marriage = martial stability
Role of Attatchment
- internal models of attachment to spouse similar to parent
- new couples must let go of families in favour of new
Role of Love
- Sternberg
- when three components mix, result is 7 sub-varieties of love
Conflict Management
- how a couple manages conflict is a predictor of relationship quality
Couples with stable or enduring marriages may be
- validating
- voltatile
- avoidant
Couples with unsuccessful marriages may be…
- hostile/engaged
- hostile/detatched
Validating
- couples may argue or disagree, respect, listen, validate
Volatile
- negative encounters, don’t listen, disagree
- lots of love/affection
Big & loud (almost cringe-worthy) but it’s their method of interaction and is countered with very positive encounters.
Volatile
Avoidant
- agree to disagree, conflict minimizers
Hostile/engaged
- frequent hot arguments, no balancing forces of humour and affection
Hostile/detatched
- fight regularly, rarely look at each other, lack affection/support
Childless couples report ___________________ than do couples with children
higher cohesion
Kin-keeper
- family role, usually occupied by a women, which includes responsibility for maintaining family/friendships
Who has a greater divorce rate?
Men
What is the average marriage?
- 15 years
Divorce effects?
- more depression
- men leave with more economic power
- women usually decline in income
- women remain custody of child
Studies show that those who ___ before marriage are less satisfied with their subsequent marriages.
cohabit
Gay/Lesbian couples
- more dependant (social support)
- more egalitarian
- monogamy is important
Mature singles who do not intend to marry do not value being part of a couple or a family as highly as singles who expect to marry
Singlehood
Continual single hood has ______ over single hood that follows a divorce or death of spouse
benefits
Many singles still have ____ relationships
Many singles still have ____ relationships
intimate
Self-affirmation may help ________
protect singles from negative aspects
What are some of the desires to become a parent?
- majority of young adults expect to have a child
- 92% parents believe parenting is most important
More ___ than ___ see parenting as positive
men, women
___ are increasingly stay-home fathers or take paternity leave
Men
The Transition Experience
- child-care chores should be done
- parents physically exhausted/sleep deprived = newborn at night
- ritualized rites of passage = cope
What is postpartum depression?
- mood disturbance resulting in feelings of sadness
- new mothers experience
- depression and hormones
Developmental impact of parenthood
- positive behaviour changes, decreased risky behaviours
- martial satisfaction at peak before birth of first child
What affects satisfaction?
- balance between work/family
- positive conflict-resolution
- both parents at home
Having a ____ partner is a significant protective factor in managing stressful transition to parenthood
parenting
Women
- more close friends
- friendships are more intimate
- more self-disclosure
- more exchange of emotional support
Men
- less likely to agree with each other
- not likely to ask for or provide emotional support
