Chapter 8 Social and Personality Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Freud emphasized the ___ stage 1 to 3 years and ____ stage 3 to 6 years of maturation during preschool years which helped shaped personality.

Answer 1

• Anal (toilet training, gaining control of bodily functions)
• Phallic (identify gender/anatomical differences)
• parents as role models
• love/affection towards mom
• understanding boy vs. girl

Question 2

Erikson’s Psychosocial stages are based on Autonomy vs. ___ and ____, and Initiative vs. ____.

Answer 2

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
- toddlers new mobility and desire for autonomy

Initiative vs Guilt
- ability to plan which focuses on attention on his/her wish to take the initiative

Question 3

Social-cognitive theory is?

Answer 3

• social and personality development in childhood is related to growth in cognitive domain

Question 4

What is Person Perception?

Answer 4

• ability to classify others according to specific categories such as race, gender, age

Question 5

Understanding Rule Categories

Answer 5

• behaviour can be judged by intentionally or accident

Question 6

Understanding Others Intentions

Answer 6

Breaking moral rule is more problematic and worse behaviour than social convention

• “Done on purpose?”

Question 7

What trend can be seen with lone-parent households?

Answer 7

• roughly 80% were female

- make up 16% of Canadian families

Question 8

What is the majority pattern in Canada for family structure?

Answer 8

• two-parent family (~77)

Question 9

In Canada, the highest proportion of skip-generation families are ____.

Answer 9

• Aboriginal

Question 10

What is the relationship between same-sex families compared to heteronormative?

Answer 10

• no significant differences

Question 11

Discuss positive factors for attachment quality during preschool years?

Answer 11

• positive relationships with preschool teachers

- positive attitude towards themselves, non-critical

Question 12

List the four focuses of Baumrind’s aspects of family functioning?

Answer 12

• warmth or nurturance (loving/attentive)
• Clarity and consistency (communicate expectations)
• Levels of expectation (how demanding)
• Communication between parent and child (explaining why)

Question 13

Authoritative, reciprocal parenting style is?

Describe an implication with this style?

Answer 13

• high in nurturance, maturity demands, high level of control and expectance
• inferiority in teen years, resulting in low esteem

Question 14

Indulgent, permissive parenting style is?

Answer 14

• friends, loving and warm, and high in nurturance, low expectations, control, and communication
• most common

Question 15

Authoritarian, power-assertive parenting style is?

Answer 15

• gold standard, high expectations, explain them why, adaptable, warmth
• low in nurturance and communication, but high in control and maturity demands

Question 16

Authoritarian, power-assertive parenting style is?

Answer 16

• gold standard, high expectations, explain them why, adaptable, warmth
• low in nurturance and communication, but high in control and maturity demands

Question 17

List benefits of an authoritarian (gold standard) parenting style?

Answer 17

• positive outcomes, emotional adjustment, performance in school, active participant in child lives and discipline.

Question 18

Uninvolved parenting style is?

Answer 18

• not much nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication
• kids raise themselves, parents uninvolved

Question 19

Which parenting style leads to the most consistent negative outcomes (behavioural problems)?

Answer 19

• Neglecting, uninvolved

Question 20

The most common parenting style is the?

Answer 20

• 33% are authoritative

Question 21

What is the purpose of discipline? (hint, 3)

Answer 21

• develops self-control, moral character, and proper conduct

Question 22

Why is it hard to identify effective discipline, give two reasons?

Answer 22

• difficult to establish effects of discipline

- research has not concluded how intense and frequent

Question 23

From ages 2 to 6, relationships with ____ peers becomes increasingly important.

Answer 23

non-sibling

Question 24

Solitary play

Answer 24

• all ages of children

- plays alone

Question 25

Parallel play

Answer 25

• besides (similar)

- 14-18 mo

Question 26

Associative play

Answer 26

• how to interact with peers

- 18 mo

Question 27

Cooperative play

Answer 27

• taking turns

- 3 to 4 years

Question 28

Social skills is defined as? (3)

Answer 28

• acceptance by peers, self control, and emotional regulation

Question 29

Prosocial behaviour?

Answer 29

• intended to help others

- evident by age 2 to 3 years

Question 30

Role of empathy?

Answer 30

• girls more prosocial than boys
• relate to feelings of others
• someone is sad = start crying

Question 31

Parents of altruistic children are? (4 points)

Answer 31

• modelling it, kind to one another
• oh thats nice how you shared that
• finding opportunities for kids to be helpful
• model for helpful and thoughtful behaviours

Question 32

Who they like at the time, fluid, preferences developed first few years, teaches us how to interact…?

Answer 32

• Friendships

Question 33

Friendships

Answer 33

• 18 months = early hints of playmate preferences
• 3 years = stable
• 4 years = spend more time with other children

Question 34

What are trends in aggression?

Answer 34

• both high at young but tapers off
• girls more engaged in indirect aggression (IA)
• teasing, hurt reputation, tends to inc. over time
• boys more physically aggressive

Question 35

List some trends with Indirect Aggression

Answer 35

• most show declining levels of PA
• most who are low in PA remain low
• both with high early PA show increasing IA over time
• almost always occurs together

Question 36

Research found what with aggression?

Answer 36

• most preschool use PA
• most learns to use other means of solving problems with age
• girls learn more quickly than boys

Question 37

The conclusion of aggression indicates the following?

Answer 37

• aggressive behaviour runs in families
• harsh, punitive parenting linked
• reinforcement and modelling play a key role
• 17 to 29 months the ratio of M to F = 5:1

Question 38

Temperaments altered by environment and stimulus by other people

Answer 38

Self-Concept

Question 39

Ability to control one’s own impulses = getting along with others

Answer 39

Effort full control

Question 40

Provide an example of a categorical self?

Answer 40

• focuses on own visible characteristics

- gender, shyness

Question 41

Provide an example of emotional self?

Answer 41

• emotional regulation is important

- find a way to cheer themselves up when sad OR divert their attention to a different act. when sad

Question 42

Provide an example of a social self?

Answer 42

• begin to develop social “scripts”
• resume roles
• evidenced by socio-dramatic play