Chapter 12 - Social and Personality Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Psychoanalytic theories help teenager’s ______

Answer 1

• gain a sense of who she is as an individual

Question 2

Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective

Answer 2

• post-pubertal years are last stage of personality development

Question 3

Genital stage

Answer 3

• period where people reach psychosexual maturity

Question 4

Erikson’s psychoanalytic perspective

Answer 4

• adolescent’s mind is in a postponement between childhood and adulthood
• identity versus role confusion
• identity crisis

Question 5

Identity versus role confusion

Answer 5

• adolescents attain a sense of who they are

Question 6

Identity crisis

Answer 6

adolescent’s sense of self becomes “unglued” so that a new, more mature sense is achieved

Question 7

Marcia’s Theory of Identity Achievement

Answer 7

• adolescent identity formation has two key parts: a crisis and commitment
• four different identity statuses:
  1) identity achievement
  2) moratorium
  3) foreclosure
  4) identity diffusion

Question 8

Identity achievement

Answer 8

• person has been through a crisis and has reached a commitment to ideological, occupational, or other goals (goals in life, family of my own)

Question 9

Moratorium

Answer 9

• identity status of a person who is in a crisis (searching) but who has made no commitment
• trying different personality/being

Question 10

Foreclosure

Answer 10

• identity status of a person who has made a commitment without having gone through a crisis
• accepted a parentally or culturally defined commitment
• e.g., “i’m going to be cop, my moms a cop”

Question 11

Identity diffusion

Answer 11

• person who is not in midst of a crisis and who has made no commitment
• e.g., “i’m just floating along, haven’t really explored and don’t intend too”

Question 12

What are the two characteristics for a fully achieved identity?

Answer 12

• examined values or goals

- reached a firm commitment

Question 13

Adultification

Answer 13

• process by which a child or adolescent prematurely takes on adult roles and responsibilities

Question 14

Who is at greater risk for adultification? (4)

Answer 14

• immigrant and indigenous youth
• youth who experience parental divorce
• mental health problems
• alcohol-substance abuse
• violence

Question 15

Self-definitions in adolescence become more and more ____.

Answer 15

• abstract

Question 16

How would a child who has reached adulthood define themselves?

Answer 16

• as they get older, decreased reference to body image or physical characteristics
• increased reference to ideology or belief

Question 17

There is an overall ____ in self-esteem.

Answer 17

rise

Question 18

High self-esteem

Answer 18

• correlated with positive developmental outcomes (e.g., better able to resist peer pressure, achieve higher grades in school)

Question 19

What are some examples of low self-esteem?

Answer 19

• antisocial behaviour, eating disorders, anxiety,
  depression, and suicidal thinking
• linked with poorer mental/physical health

Question 20

List some influences on Adolescent Self-Esteem? (6)

Answer 20

• self
• relationships
• school
• lifestyle
• achievements
• experiences and events

Question 21

Gender-role identity

Answer 21

• gender-related aspects of psychological self

Question 22

Androgynous

Answer 22

• individuals who see themselves as having both masculine and feminine traits

Question 23

Undifferentiated

Answer 23

• individuals describing themselves as lacking both

Question 24

Ethnic Identity

Answer 24

• reject majority culture

- pick and choose (bicultural)

Question 25

Ethnic identity tends to _____ with age and progresses through phases.

Answer 25

strengthen

Question 26

What are the 3 cultural identity configurations?

Answer 26

1) person identifies with only one cultural group
2) person who has multiple cultural identities that are separated into compartments within the self
3) person cohesively connects and reconciles one’s multiple cultural identities within oneself

Question 27

What determines the stage or level of a person’s moral judgement is not the specific moral choice, but the ___________________ used to justify that choice.

Answer 27

Form of reasoning

Question 28

Kohlberg’s 3 main levels of Moral Reasoning

Answer 28

~ Preconventional Reasoning

~ Conventional Reasoning

~ Postconventional Reasoning

Question 29

The stages are loosely correlated with age:

Answer 29

> Children usually reason in the first 2 stages

> Stages 2 and 3 are commonly seen in adolescence

> Among adults stages 3 and 4 are the most common

Question 30

Preconventional Reasoning

Answer 30

• Consequences determine the rightness or wrongness of an action
• what is right is what the authority says is right

> Stage 1 - punishment & obedience orientation

> Stage 2 - individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

Question 31

Conventional Reasoning

Answer 31

• what are the rules of the group I belong to
• what does a good boy, do what pleases other people

> Stage 3 - mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
Stage 4 - social system and conscience

Question 32

Post-conventional Reasoning

Answer 32

• judgments based on emergence of a personal authority
• my own beliefs of what is right or wrong, comes from experience, universal principles (free speech)

> Stage 5 - social contract
Stage 6 - universal ethical principles orientation

Question 33

Trends show conventional reasoning appeared fairly widely at _____.

Answer 33

high-school age

Question 34

The decline of ________ is the cognitive-developmental variable that matters most in moral reasoning.

Answer 34

Egocentrism

Question 35

Role taking

Answer 35

• the ability to look at a situation from another person’s perspective

Question 36

Kohlberg’s approach is too ____________ to be considered universal.

Answer 36

Narrow

Question 37

The ability to identify with others’ emotions is both a cause and consequence of moral development.

Answer 37

Empathy

Question 38

Carol Gilligan believes that…

Answer 38

• Kohlber’s is more of a male perspective
• sex differences in moral reasoning
• justice and care

Question 39

What are some criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory?

Answer 39

• situational factors

- what if it’s a friend? = changes people’s reasoning

Question 40

Criminality

Answer 40

Antisocial behaviour that includes law-breaking.

Question 41

Childhood-onset

Answer 41

● Problems are more serious and more likely to persist into adulthood
● Temperament and personality play a role
● Parents who fail at early attempts to control bad
behaviour may worsen the behaviours
● Seriously aggressive children can only find support with similar peers
● As adolescents, they may exhibit serious disturbances in thinking
● They likely display an array of other behavioural problems

Question 42

Four to six young people who appear to be strongly attached to one another.

Answer 42

Clique

Question 43

Crowd

Answer 43

A combination of cliques, which includes both males and females.

• Organized into fairly clean, widely understood pecking order.

Question 44

Homosexual teenagers become aware of same-sex attraction at around age _____.

Answer 44

• age 11 or 12

Question 45

By age ____ or so, most have classified themselves as primarily heterosexual or committed to a gay, lesbian, or bisexual orientation

Answer 45

15

Question 46

Adolescent-onset:

Answer 46

● Problems are typically milder and more transitory, apparently more a reflection of peer-group processes or a testing of the limits of authority than a deeply ingrained behaviour problem
● Criminal behaviour is strongly affected by their peers, and changes with the group
● Parents who do not monitor sufficiently contribute to criminality
● Friendships are not supportive or intimate
● Parental monitoring and support can prevent criminality even if the youth’s friends engage in criminal behaviour

Question 47

Relationship with peers in adolescent

Answer 47

• Loyalty and faithfulness become more valued characteristics of friendship
  – Adolescent friendships are more stable than those of younger children
  – Teens often choose friends who are committed to the same activities they are—e.g. computer and video games

Question 48

Peer groups in adolescence

Answer 48

• Peer groups become relatively stable in adolescence
  – If the discrepancy between their own ideas and those of their friends becomes too great, teens are more likely to switch to a more compatible group of friends
  – When explicit peer pressure is exerted, it is likely to be pressure toward positive activities, such as school involvement, and away from misconduct
  – Peer influence is neither all-powerful, nor uniformly negative