Chapter 12 - Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Flashcards
Psychoanalytic theories help teenager’s ______
- gain a sense of who she is as an individual
Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective
- post-pubertal years are last stage of personality development
Genital stage
- period where people reach psychosexual maturity
Erikson’s psychoanalytic perspective
- adolescent’s mind is in a postponement between childhood and adulthood
- identity versus role confusion
- identity crisis
Identity versus role confusion
- adolescents attain a sense of who they are
Identity crisis
adolescent’s sense of self becomes “unglued” so that a new, more mature sense is achieved
Marcia’s Theory of Identity Achievement
- adolescent identity formation has two key parts: a crisis and commitment
- four different identity statuses:
1) identity achievement
2) moratorium
3) foreclosure
4) identity diffusion
Identity achievement
- person has been through a crisis and has reached a commitment to ideological, occupational, or other goals (goals in life, family of my own)
Moratorium
- identity status of a person who is in a crisis (searching) but who has made no commitment
- trying different personality/being
Foreclosure
- identity status of a person who has made a commitment without having gone through a crisis
- accepted a parentally or culturally defined commitment
- e.g., “i’m going to be cop, my moms a cop”
Identity diffusion
- person who is not in midst of a crisis and who has made no commitment
- e.g., “i’m just floating along, haven’t really explored and don’t intend too”
What are the two characteristics for a fully achieved identity?
- examined values or goals
- reached a firm commitment
Adultification
- process by which a child or adolescent prematurely takes on adult roles and responsibilities
Who is at greater risk for adultification? (4)
- immigrant and indigenous youth
- youth who experience parental divorce
- mental health problems
- alcohol-substance abuse
- violence
Self-definitions in adolescence become more and more ____.
- abstract
How would a child who has reached adulthood define themselves?
- as they get older, decreased reference to body image or physical characteristics
- increased reference to ideology or belief
There is an overall ____ in self-esteem.
rise
High self-esteem
- correlated with positive developmental outcomes (e.g., better able to resist peer pressure, achieve higher grades in school)
What are some examples of low self-esteem?
- antisocial behaviour, eating disorders, anxiety,
depression, and suicidal thinking - linked with poorer mental/physical health
List some influences on Adolescent Self-Esteem? (6)
- self
- relationships
- school
- lifestyle
- achievements
- experiences and events
Gender-role identity
- gender-related aspects of psychological self
Androgynous
- individuals who see themselves as having both masculine and feminine traits
Undifferentiated
- individuals describing themselves as lacking both
Ethnic Identity
- reject majority culture
- pick and choose (bicultural)
Ethnic identity tends to _____ with age and progresses through phases.
strengthen
What are the 3 cultural identity configurations?
1) person identifies with only one cultural group
2) person who has multiple cultural identities that are separated into compartments within the self
3) person cohesively connects and reconciles one’s multiple cultural identities within oneself
What determines the stage or level of a person’s moral judgement is not the specific moral choice, but the ___________________ used to justify that choice.
Form of reasoning
Kohlberg’s 3 main levels of Moral Reasoning
~ Preconventional Reasoning
~ Conventional Reasoning
~ Postconventional Reasoning
The stages are loosely correlated with age:
> Children usually reason in the first 2 stages
> Stages 2 and 3 are commonly seen in adolescence
> Among adults stages 3 and 4 are the most common
Preconventional Reasoning
- Consequences determine the rightness or wrongness of an action
- what is right is what the authority says is right
> Stage 1 - punishment & obedience orientation
> Stage 2 - individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
Conventional Reasoning
- what are the rules of the group I belong to
- what does a good boy, do what pleases other people
> Stage 3 - mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
Stage 4 - social system and conscience
Post-conventional Reasoning
- judgments based on emergence of a personal authority
- my own beliefs of what is right or wrong, comes from experience, universal principles (free speech)
> Stage 5 - social contract
Stage 6 - universal ethical principles orientation
Trends show conventional reasoning appeared fairly widely at _____.
high-school age
The decline of ________ is the cognitive-developmental variable that matters most in moral reasoning.
Egocentrism
Role taking
- the ability to look at a situation from another person’s perspective
Kohlberg’s approach is too ____________ to be considered universal.
Narrow
The ability to identify with others’ emotions is both a cause and consequence of moral development.
Empathy
Carol Gilligan believes that…
- Kohlber’s is more of a male perspective
- sex differences in moral reasoning
- justice and care
What are some criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory?
- situational factors
- what if it’s a friend? = changes people’s reasoning
Criminality
Antisocial behaviour that includes law-breaking.
Childhood-onset
● Problems are more serious and more likely to persist into adulthood
● Temperament and personality play a role
● Parents who fail at early attempts to control bad
behaviour may worsen the behaviours
● Seriously aggressive children can only find support with similar peers
● As adolescents, they may exhibit serious disturbances in thinking
● They likely display an array of other behavioural problems
Four to six young people who appear to be strongly attached to one another.
Clique
Crowd
A combination of cliques, which includes both males and females.
- Organized into fairly clean, widely understood pecking order.
Homosexual teenagers become aware of same-sex attraction at around age _____.
- age 11 or 12
By age ____ or so, most have classified themselves as primarily heterosexual or committed to a gay, lesbian, or bisexual orientation
15
Adolescent-onset:
● Problems are typically milder and more transitory, apparently more a reflection of peer-group processes or a testing of the limits of authority than a deeply ingrained behaviour problem
● Criminal behaviour is strongly affected by their peers, and changes with the group
● Parents who do not monitor sufficiently contribute to criminality
● Friendships are not supportive or intimate
● Parental monitoring and support can prevent criminality even if the youth’s friends engage in criminal behaviour
Relationship with peers in adolescent
- Loyalty and faithfulness become more valued characteristics of friendship
– Adolescent friendships are more stable than those of younger children
– Teens often choose friends who are committed to the same activities they are—e.g. computer and video games
Peer groups in adolescence
- Peer groups become relatively stable in adolescence
– If the discrepancy between their own ideas and those of their friends becomes too great, teens are more likely to switch to a more compatible group of friends
– When explicit peer pressure is exerted, it is likely to be pressure toward positive activities, such as school involvement, and away from misconduct
– Peer influence is neither all-powerful, nor uniformly negative
