Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development Flashcards
Sensorimotor play
exploring/manipulating objects
12 mo
Constructive play
use objects to build/construct things
2 yrs
First pretend play
using toy cup with stuffed bear
15-21 mo
Substitute pretend play
broom as horse
2-3 yrs
Sociodramatic play
play parts or take roles
preschool years
Rule-governed play
red light/green light
age 5-6
Piaget’s preoperational stage
symbolic function, words => objects
- can’t think logically
- magical thinking, pretend play
Egocentrism
believes everyone has the same perspective the way she does, bad at lying, selfish
e.g., mountains
Centration
focusing on one aspect or variable at a time
- only length NOT width
e.g., “Is there the same amount of juice in each glass?”
Conservation
matter can change in appearance w/o change in quantity
- Not developed before age 5
- Mask on dog = changed
e. g., “Does each cow have the same amount of grass?”
- water in glass
List some of the challenges to Piaget’s View?
- misunderstood children’s minds
- limitations in language
- swayed by appearance
- use emotion to elicit a response
- Flavell’s stage 1 (2-3 years old): understand perspective of that person
- Flavell’s stage 2 (4-5 yrs): child develops rules to figure out what the other person experiences
- appearance and reality (age 4-5): same object can represent different things
What is Theories of Mind (ToM)?
- understanding thoughts, desires & beliefs
10 mo: rudimentary, people operate with goals and intentions
3 yrs: some link between people thinking, feeling, and behaviour
4 yrs: each person’s actions based on their representation of reality
Describe the False Belief Principle and provide an example?
- mental shoes to what they think/believe, and realization that other people can have different beliefs
- everyone sees the worlds the same
- developed at age 4
e.g., 3 yr old says crayons, 4 yr old says candy, because 4 yr old recognized that a picture of candy would lead snoopy to have a false belief
What are some influences on the development of theory of mind?
- pretend play, shared pretense with other children, discussion of emotion-provoking events with parents
- language facility
The Alternative Theories of Early Childhood are blank memory and blank efficiency?
- working memory: same as short-term storage space (STSS)
- limited
- Operational efficiency: how much info they can hold at once
Metamemory
knowledge about how memory works/ability to control and reflect on one’s own memory function
e.g., recounting number of coins
Meta(cognition)
knowledge about how the mind thinks / ability to control and reflect on one’s own thought processes
e.g., understanding of how there thinking works
Flexible Item Selection Task (FIST) is a measure of ___ and ___ flexibility.
measure abstract and cognitive flexibility
- card sorting technique
Vgotsky’s Socio-Cultural Theory
Social factors:
- Primitive: animal conditioning
- Naive: use language to communicate but does not understand symbols
- Egocentric: uses language to talk them how to solve problems (out loud)
- Ingrowth: mental, logical thinking results from internalization of speech acquired from children and adults in social world
Fast-Mapping is the ability to ______________
ability to categorically link new words to real-world referents
- animal words, kitty=cat
Grammer Explosion
- inflections (ing)
- questions and negatives: set of rules used that doesn’t match adult speech, phrases in positive/negative
- overregularization (plural): using rules when they don’t apply, went -> goed
- complex sentences: conjunctions to combine two ideas
- adding on from holophrases
Phonological Awareness
- breakdown words, sound patterns
- representing sounds with letters
- greater = faster child learns to read
Developed through:
- school instruction
- nursery rhymes
- games involving repetitive words
Describe the differences in intelligence in kids?
- measure intellectual ability, differentiate kids reasoning and thinking abilities
How is intelligence measured?
- testing new kids, compare them to the norm, and develop a standardized test
- based on performance, requires confidence, other factors affect (fear/anxiety)
- background, not familiar with terms, make tests as culturally unbiased as possible, (limitations)
List four family interactions that foster higher IQ scores?
- read to kids, complex environment
- parental rxn and feedback
- rich and accurate language
- intergenerational influences (history of aggression)
List four family interactions that foster higher IQ scores?
- read to kids, complex environment
- parental rxn and feedback
- rich and accurate language
- intergenerational influences (history of aggression)
The evidence for Preschool influences is _____ programs?
- enrichment programs that start earlier have a more profound effect than those that start at age 3
long term:
- less likely to be placed in special education, repeat a grade
- higher scores in reading and math at age 12
What are Thomas’s 5 domains of readiness?
1) language and communication skills
2) academic skill (#’s/letters)
3) self-regulation of learning
4) self-control of behaviour
5) social competence and independence (get along in groups)
Boys enter school with better?
- curiosity
- exploratory
What factors influence IQ?
- heredity is highly important
- environment or family influences, or interactions between environment and heredity
