Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development

Question 1

Sensorimotor play

Answer 1

exploring/manipulating objects

12 mo

Question 2

Constructive play

Answer 2

use objects to build/construct things

2 yrs

Question 3

First pretend play

Answer 3

using toy cup with stuffed bear

15-21 mo

Question 4

Substitute pretend play

Answer 4

broom as horse

2-3 yrs

Question 5

Sociodramatic play

Answer 5

play parts or take roles

preschool years

Question 6

Rule-governed play

Answer 6

red light/green light

age 5-6

Question 7

Piaget’s preoperational stage

Answer 7

symbolic function, words => objects

• can’t think logically
• magical thinking, pretend play

Question 8

Egocentrism

Answer 8

believes everyone has the same perspective the way she does, bad at lying, selfish

e.g., mountains

Question 9

Centration

Answer 9

focusing on one aspect or variable at a time
- only length NOT width

e.g., “Is there the same amount of juice in each glass?”

Question 10

Conservation

Answer 10

matter can change in appearance w/o change in quantity

• Not developed before age 5
• Mask on dog = changed

e. g., “Does each cow have the same amount of grass?”
- water in glass

Question 11

List some of the challenges to Piaget’s View?

Answer 11

• misunderstood children’s minds
• limitations in language
• swayed by appearance
• use emotion to elicit a response
• Flavell’s stage 1 (2-3 years old): understand perspective of that person
• Flavell’s stage 2 (4-5 yrs): child develops rules to figure out what the other person experiences
• appearance and reality (age 4-5): same object can represent different things

Question 12

What is Theories of Mind (ToM)?

Answer 12

• understanding thoughts, desires & beliefs
  10 mo: rudimentary, people operate with goals and intentions
  3 yrs: some link between people thinking, feeling, and behaviour
  4 yrs: each person’s actions based on their representation of reality

Question 13

Describe the False Belief Principle and provide an example?

Answer 13

• mental shoes to what they think/believe, and realization that other people can have different beliefs
• everyone sees the worlds the same
• developed at age 4

e.g., 3 yr old says crayons, 4 yr old says candy, because 4 yr old recognized that a picture of candy would lead snoopy to have a false belief

Question 14

What are some influences on the development of theory of mind?

Answer 14

• pretend play, shared pretense with other children, discussion of emotion-provoking events with parents
• language facility

Question 15

The Alternative Theories of Early Childhood are blank memory and blank efficiency?

Answer 15

• working memory: same as short-term storage space (STSS)
• limited
• Operational efficiency: how much info they can hold at once

Question 16

Metamemory

Answer 16

knowledge about how memory works/ability to control and reflect on one’s own memory function

e.g., recounting number of coins

Question 17

Meta(cognition)

Answer 17

knowledge about how the mind thinks / ability to control and reflect on one’s own thought processes

e.g., understanding of how there thinking works

Question 18

Flexible Item Selection Task (FIST) is a measure of ___ and ___ flexibility.

Answer 18

measure abstract and cognitive flexibility

• card sorting technique

Question 19

Vgotsky’s Socio-Cultural Theory

Answer 19

Social factors:

• Primitive: animal conditioning
• Naive: use language to communicate but does not understand symbols
• Egocentric: uses language to talk them how to solve problems (out loud)
• Ingrowth: mental, logical thinking results from internalization of speech acquired from children and adults in social world

Question 20

Fast-Mapping is the ability to ______________

Answer 20

ability to categorically link new words to real-world referents

• animal words, kitty=cat

Question 21

Grammer Explosion

Answer 21

• inflections (ing)
• questions and negatives: set of rules used that doesn’t match adult speech, phrases in positive/negative
• overregularization (plural): using rules when they don’t apply, went -> goed
• complex sentences: conjunctions to combine two ideas
• adding on from holophrases

Question 22

Phonological Awareness

Answer 22

• breakdown words, sound patterns
• representing sounds with letters
• greater = faster child learns to read

Developed through:

• school instruction
• nursery rhymes
• games involving repetitive words

Question 23

Describe the differences in intelligence in kids?

Answer 23

• measure intellectual ability, differentiate kids reasoning and thinking abilities

Question 24

How is intelligence measured?

Answer 24

• testing new kids, compare them to the norm, and develop a standardized test
• based on performance, requires confidence, other factors affect (fear/anxiety)
• background, not familiar with terms, make tests as culturally unbiased as possible, (limitations)

Question 25

List four family interactions that foster higher IQ scores?

Answer 25

• read to kids, complex environment
• parental rxn and feedback
• rich and accurate language
• intergenerational influences (history of aggression)

Question 26

List four family interactions that foster higher IQ scores?

Answer 26

• read to kids, complex environment
• parental rxn and feedback
• rich and accurate language
• intergenerational influences (history of aggression)

Question 27

The evidence for Preschool influences is _____ programs?

Answer 27

• enrichment programs that start earlier have a more profound effect than those that start at age 3

long term:

• less likely to be placed in special education, repeat a grade
• higher scores in reading and math at age 12

Question 28

What are Thomas’s 5 domains of readiness?

Answer 28

1) language and communication skills
2) academic skill (#’s/letters)
3) self-regulation of learning
4) self-control of behaviour
5) social competence and independence (get along in groups)

Question 29

Boys enter school with better?

Answer 29

• curiosity

- exploratory

Question 30

What factors influence IQ?

Answer 30

• heredity is highly important

- environment or family influences, or interactions between environment and heredity