Chapter 10 - Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Freud’s perspective of middle childhood ____

Answer 1

• latency(hidden) period, libido is dormant
• energy toward building friendships
• challenge is forming emotional bonds with peers, and moving on from those developed earlier

Question 2

Erickson’s perspective of middle childhood is ______

Answer 2

• Industry Vs. Inferiority: develop sense of their own competence
• culturally acceptable
• social skills, physical communication

Question 3

Extraversion

Answer 3

• qualities: active, assertive, enthusiastic, outgoing

- temperament: high activity level, sociability, positive emotionality, talkativeness

Question 4

Agreeableness

Answer 4

• qualities: affectionate, forgiving, generous, kind, sympathetic, trusting
• temperament: perhaps high approach/positive emotionality, effortful control

Question 5

Conscientiousness

Answer 5

• qualities: efficient, organized, prudent, reliable, responsible
• temperaments: effortful control/task persistence

Question 6

Neuroticism (emotional instability)

Answer 6

• qualities: anxious, self-pitying, tense, touchy, unstable, worrying
• temperament: negative emotionality, irritability

Question 7

Openness/Intellect

Answer 7

• qualities: artistic, curious, imaginative, insightful, original, having wide interests
• temperament: approach new situations and people. low inhibition

Question 8

Four personality traits that have emerged from the Big Five are? (ARSR)

Answer 8

• average
• reserved
• self-centered: high in extraversion and below on openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness
• Role model: low on neuroticism, high on agreeableness, extraversion, and conscientiousness

Question 9

Reciprocal Determinism

Answer 9

• personal, behavioural, and environmental factors that interact in a pattern

Question 10

how do I feel about myself

- beliefs and emotions

Answer 10

Valued self

Question 11

an understanding of one’s stable internal traits

Answer 11

psychological self

Question 12

As a child moves through the concrete operational period, the psychological self becomes more _____

Answer 12

• complex, more comparative, less tied to external features, more centred on feelings and ideas

Question 13

Self-efficacy is an individual’s belief in her ________

Answer 13

• capacity to cause an intended event to occur (Bandura)
• high = we believe we are capable
• low = less likely to try over time

Question 14

How does self-efficacy develop? (3)

Answer 14

• peer models (observation -> similar -> I can do it)
• encouragement (parents/teachers/friends)
• real-life experiences (what has happened)

Question 15

The nature of self-esteem is?

Answer 15

• one’s confidence, what do i want to be/experience
• how i’m doing and how i’d like to do it
• impacts global feelings of self-worth
• stable freindships
• family support

Question 16

How does self-esteem develop?

Answer 16

• Strongly influenced by mental comparisons of children’s ideal selves and actual experiences

Key to self esteem: amount of discrepancy between what the child desires and what they have achieved.

• Second major influence: overall support the child feels they are receiving from the important people around them, particularly parents, peers, and others in their neighbourhood and school

Discrepancy: ideal vs. actual self

High discrepancy: children feel they are doing well in areas mattering to them
Low discrepancy: lack social support, not protected from low self esteem

Question 17

Meaningfulness

Answer 17

• a strong sense of spirituality = impact mental health and well-being
• important for Canadian Indigenous children

Question 18

The third part of the Valued Self is?

Answer 18

• be involved in activities help in sense of community, certain values, and helps with development

Question 19

At age 6-7, when describing others, they will focus exclusively on _____

Answer 19

• external features (what person looks like, where he lives, what he does)

Question 20

At age 7-8, child begins focusing on _____

Answer 20

• internal traits or qualities

Question 21

the process of making judgements about the rightness or wrongness of specific acts

Answer 21

Moral reasoning

Question 22

What is the moral realism stage of Piaget’s theory?

Answer 22

• rules are fixed, meant to be followed or else punished

Question 23

What is the moral relativism stage?

Answer 23

• “as long as everybody agrees the rules are whatever we all agree on”
• social agreement
• important thing about a game is that all players follow the same rules

Question 24

What are some social relationship factors that develop during middle childhood?

Answer 24

• more conflict with friends but motivated in resolve
• learn conflict through interactions with friends
• can endure over time

Question 25

Describe attachment with Family Relationships?

Answer 25

• attachment security in infancy is still important, translates to success
• attatch. to parents stay strong
• securely attached school-age children have better peer relationships

Question 26

Who is held to a higher standard?

Answer 26

• girls often held to higher standard

Question 27

What reduces rates of negative behaviour?

Answer 27

• regular family time

Question 28

What are some parental expectations for their child?

Answer 28

• allow children independence as self-regulation grows

Question 29

________ + ________ = greater self-regulatory competence

Answer 29

• higher expectations

- parental monitoring

Question 30

What style of parenting is associated with development of self-regulation?

Answer 30

• authoritative

Question 31

List key aspects of friendships in middle childhood? (5)

Answer 31

• “best friend”
• depend on reciprocal trust by age 10
• open and supportive with their friends
• support and cooperative with friends
• help with problem solving and conflict management (helpful)

Question 32

Compare and contrast boy friendship groups with girls?

Answer 32

• boys are larger and more accepting of newcomers
• more outdoor play and larger area
• focused on competition and dominance

Question 33

Compare and contrast girl friendship groups with boys?

Answer 33

• more likely to play in pairs or exclusive groups
• more playtime indoors or near home or school
• more agreement, compliance, self-disclosure, higher levels of competition between strangers

Question 34

example of this is exclusion or threats of exclusion from groups, cruel gossiping, or facial expression of disrespect

Answer 34

Relational aggression

Question 35

Who is more likely to use relational aggression?

Answer 35

girls

Question 36

aggression to get back at someone who hurt you

Answer 36

Retaliatory aggression

Question 37

What are some factors that influence aggression?

Answer 37

• Socioeconomic status

- Family influences

Question 38

Popular children are more….

Answer 38

• attractive

- physically larger

Question 39

Neglected or rejected children is caused by….

Answer 39

• being very different

- highly creative (emotional)

Question 40

Shy children usually have…

Answer 40

• few friends