Chapter 10 - Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Flashcards
Freud’s perspective of middle childhood ____
- latency(hidden) period, libido is dormant
- energy toward building friendships
- challenge is forming emotional bonds with peers, and moving on from those developed earlier
Erickson’s perspective of middle childhood is ______
- Industry Vs. Inferiority: develop sense of their own competence
- culturally acceptable
- social skills, physical communication
Extraversion
- qualities: active, assertive, enthusiastic, outgoing
- temperament: high activity level, sociability, positive emotionality, talkativeness
Agreeableness
- qualities: affectionate, forgiving, generous, kind, sympathetic, trusting
- temperament: perhaps high approach/positive emotionality, effortful control
Conscientiousness
- qualities: efficient, organized, prudent, reliable, responsible
- temperaments: effortful control/task persistence
Neuroticism (emotional instability)
- qualities: anxious, self-pitying, tense, touchy, unstable, worrying
- temperament: negative emotionality, irritability
Openness/Intellect
- qualities: artistic, curious, imaginative, insightful, original, having wide interests
- temperament: approach new situations and people. low inhibition
Four personality traits that have emerged from the Big Five are? (ARSR)
- average
- reserved
- self-centered: high in extraversion and below on openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness
- Role model: low on neuroticism, high on agreeableness, extraversion, and conscientiousness
Reciprocal Determinism
- personal, behavioural, and environmental factors that interact in a pattern
how do I feel about myself
- beliefs and emotions
Valued self
an understanding of one’s stable internal traits
psychological self
As a child moves through the concrete operational period, the psychological self becomes more _____
- complex, more comparative, less tied to external features, more centred on feelings and ideas
Self-efficacy is an individual’s belief in her ________
- capacity to cause an intended event to occur (Bandura)
- high = we believe we are capable
- low = less likely to try over time
How does self-efficacy develop? (3)
- peer models (observation -> similar -> I can do it)
- encouragement (parents/teachers/friends)
- real-life experiences (what has happened)
The nature of self-esteem is?
- one’s confidence, what do i want to be/experience
- how i’m doing and how i’d like to do it
- impacts global feelings of self-worth
- stable freindships
- family support
How does self-esteem develop?
- Strongly influenced by mental comparisons of children’s ideal selves and actual experiences
Key to self esteem: amount of discrepancy between what the child desires and what they have achieved.
- Second major influence: overall support the child feels they are receiving from the important people around them, particularly parents, peers, and others in their neighbourhood and school
Discrepancy: ideal vs. actual self
High discrepancy: children feel they are doing well in areas mattering to them
Low discrepancy: lack social support, not protected from low self esteem
Meaningfulness
- a strong sense of spirituality = impact mental health and well-being
- important for Canadian Indigenous children
The third part of the Valued Self is?
- be involved in activities help in sense of community, certain values, and helps with development
At age 6-7, when describing others, they will focus exclusively on _____
- external features (what person looks like, where he lives, what he does)
At age 7-8, child begins focusing on _____
- internal traits or qualities
the process of making judgements about the rightness or wrongness of specific acts
Moral reasoning
What is the moral realism stage of Piaget’s theory?
- rules are fixed, meant to be followed or else punished
What is the moral relativism stage?
- “as long as everybody agrees the rules are whatever we all agree on”
- social agreement
- important thing about a game is that all players follow the same rules
What are some social relationship factors that develop during middle childhood?
- more conflict with friends but motivated in resolve
- learn conflict through interactions with friends
- can endure over time
Describe attachment with Family Relationships?
- attachment security in infancy is still important, translates to success
- attatch. to parents stay strong
- securely attached school-age children have better peer relationships
Who is held to a higher standard?
- girls often held to higher standard
What reduces rates of negative behaviour?
- regular family time
What are some parental expectations for their child?
- allow children independence as self-regulation grows
________ + ________ = greater self-regulatory competence
- higher expectations
- parental monitoring
What style of parenting is associated with development of self-regulation?
- authoritative
List key aspects of friendships in middle childhood? (5)
- “best friend”
- depend on reciprocal trust by age 10
- open and supportive with their friends
- support and cooperative with friends
- help with problem solving and conflict management (helpful)
Compare and contrast boy friendship groups with girls?
- boys are larger and more accepting of newcomers
- more outdoor play and larger area
- focused on competition and dominance
Compare and contrast girl friendship groups with boys?
- more likely to play in pairs or exclusive groups
- more playtime indoors or near home or school
- more agreement, compliance, self-disclosure, higher levels of competition between strangers
example of this is exclusion or threats of exclusion from groups, cruel gossiping, or facial expression of disrespect
Relational aggression
Who is more likely to use relational aggression?
girls
aggression to get back at someone who hurt you
Retaliatory aggression
What are some factors that influence aggression?
- Socioeconomic status
- Family influences
Popular children are more….
- attractive
- physically larger
Neglected or rejected children is caused by….
- being very different
- highly creative (emotional)
Shy children usually have…
- few friends
