Chapter 9 Part 1 Flashcards
Motivation
Process that influences goal- directed behaviour (eg. Direction, Persistence, Vigour)
Instinct
predisposition to behave a certain way
to certain stimuli
Instinct Theory
Based on Darwin’s theory of evolution
1. Seeking 2. Anger 3. Fear 4. Grief
Is an inherited predisposition to behave in a specific and predictable way when exposed to a particular stimulus
* Have a genetic basis
* Found universally among all members of the species
* DO NOT depend on learning, and have survival value for the organism
Instinct Theory 2.0
Modern View:
*Motives based on evolution
*Genes that increase chances…
* Motivated to engage in behaviors that promote
survival advantages`
Drive Theory
Physiological disruptions to homeostasis produce drives
Drives
States of internal tension that motivate an organism to behave in ways that reduce this tension
Homeostasis
Internal physiological equilibrium
Sensors Response System Control Centre
Incentive
*Incentive: A thing that motivates or encourages an organism to do something
*e.g., good grades, food *Drive theory = “push”
*Incentives = “pull”
Push and Pull =
Biological Drive Reduction
Push and Pull =
Biological Drive Reduction
Expectancy × value theory
Goal-directed behaviours driven by:
1. Strength of expectation
2. Value of goal
Motivation = expectancy x incentive value
Intrinsic Motivation
*Perform activity for its own sake
Extrinsic Motivation
Perform activity for reward or avoid punishment
Psychodynamic Theory
Believed that psychology’s other perspectives ignored a key motive
* Our striving for personal growth
Says Most behavior from
*Unconscious impulses
*Psychological defenses
*Strongest drives = sex and aggression
Deficiency needs (Psychodynamic Theory)
Concerned with physical and social survival
Growth needs (Psychodynamic Theory)
Uniquely human and motivate us to develop our potential
Need hierarchy (Psychodynamic Theory)
A progression of needs containing deficiency needs at the bottom and growth needs at the top
Self-actualization (Psychodynamic Theory)
Represents the need to fulfill our potential, and it is the ultimate human motive
Humanistic Theory
Peep graph (Abraham Maslow)
Self-determination Theory
*Edward Deci and Richard Ryan (1985, 2009) *Three fundamental psychological needs
1.Competence
* Need to master new challenges
2.Autonomy
* Action is result of free choice
3.Relatedness
*Form meaningful bonds
Metabolism
Rate at which body uses energy (calories)
Basal Metabolism
“Resting” metabolism = 2/3 of normal energy use
Homeostatic
mechanisms help regulate eating,
Eating NOT necessarily linked to immediate energy needs
Set Point
Biologically determined standards around which fat mass is regulated
*Homeostatic mechanisms alter energy utilization and hunger to return us close to our original weight
Signals that Start a Meal
*Stomach contractions correspond to feelings of hunger
*Hunger is experienced even if nerves from stomach to brain are severed
What’s driving hunger?
Pattern of increase and decrease in blood glucose levels
*Liver converts stored nutrients into glucose
*Blood glucose levels rise, drops signals of hunger
*Changes in supply of glucose provide signals that help brain regulate hunger
Stomach and intestinal distention
Cholecystokinin ((CCK) (a peptide)) and other peptides released by small intestine into bloodstream, travel to brain, decreases hunger
Ghrelin
Levels highest just before a meal (peptide), increases hunger
Leptin
Hormones secreted by fat cells, long term signal that decreases hunger
Hypothalamus
Hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, and body temperature
Reinforcements of Hunger
*Positively reinforced by good tastes
*Negatively reinforced by hunger reduction *Expectations for both
Pressures for thinness
*Cultural standards of
beauty
*Overestimation of thinness for attractiveness
*Peter Paul Rubens’s painting
*Three Graces
Objectification Theory
*Viewing body as object
*Throughout much of Western history
*A full-bodied woman’s figure was esteemed
*Actress Lillian Russell
Obesity
Genetic Influences:
* Metabolism
Environmental Influences:
* Inexpensive poor-quality food * “Supersizing”
* Decreased activity
Sexual Motivation
- Desire to reproduce
- Obtain and give sensual pleasure * Express love and intimacy
- Fulfill “duty”
- Conform to peer pressure
Male Courtship
- Females choose males
- Males invest more energy * Females sensitive to cues
Bateman’s principle
More variability in the reproductive success of males than females
