Chapter 2

Question 1

Empiricism

Answer 1

involves using evidence from the senses as the basis for conclusions

Question 2

The Scientific Process (5 stages in order)

Answer 2

Identify, Form, Test, Analyze, Build

Question 3

Hindsight Understanding

Answer 3

propose an explanation after view behaviour

Question 4

Hypothesis testing

Answer 4

test possible explanations through scientific methods

Question 5

What makes a good measurement?

Answer 5

Validity and Reliability

Question 6

Self Report Measures

Answer 6

Reporting on their own knowledge and beliefs etc (questionnaire)

Question 7

Observational measurement

Answer 7

requires an ‘operational definition’ and a ‘consistently code’

Question 8

Descriptive (Naturalistic) Research

Answer 8

explain behavior in natural environments eg. case studies

Question 9

Population

Answer 9

the entire set of individuals tested

Question 10

Sample

Answer 10

a subset of individuals drawn from a population

Question 11

A representative sample

Answer 11

a sample that reflects the important characteristics of the population

Question 12

Random sampling

Answer 12

Every member of the population has an equal probability of being chosen

Question 13

Unrepresentative Sample vs Representative Sample

Answer 13

Small rep is better than big unrep

Question 14

Normal distribution (bell curve) graph description

Answer 14

Symmetrical, Central peak (mean), tails off to both ends

Question 15

Variability

Answer 15

how much measurements differ on another

Question 16

Range

Answer 16

Largest value - smallest value

Question 17

Standard deviation σ (sigma)

Answer 17

Describes the average difference between the measurements in a frequency distribution and the mean of the distribution

Question 18

Correlation Research

Answer 18

Looking for an association between two or more measured variables

Question 19

Correlation does not cause -

Answer 19

Causation

Question 20

Correlation coefficient (r)

Answer 20

describes the relationship between 2 variables, ranging from -1.0 to +1.0 (absolute value = strength)

Question 21

Positive Correlations

Answer 21

an increase in one variable that relates to an increase in the other 0 < r </ +1.0

Question 22

Negative Correlations

Answer 22

an increase in one variable relates to a decrease in the other -1.0 </ r < 0

Question 23

Zero Correlations

Answer 23

There is no relation between the 2 variables r=0

Question 24

Experimental Research

Answer 24

Manipulation of one variable and measuring changes in another variable while holding all other factors constant

Question 25

Variable

Answer 25

a property whose value can chance across individuals overtime

Question 26

Independent Variable (IV)

Answer 26

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment

Question 27

Dependent Variable (DV)

Answer 27

variable that is measured in a study

Question 28

Between Groups Experiment

Answer 28

each group in the experiment is composed of different set of participants

Question 29

Repeated Measures Experiment

Answer 29

Each participant is exposed to all the conditions of an IV

Question 30

The Three R’s in Ethics

Answer 30

Replace Reduction and Refinement