Chapter 8 Flashcards
Memory
The ability to store and retrieve information, like stimuli, images, ideas, skills and more
Memory
The ability to store and retrieve information, like stimuli, images, ideas, skills and more
Amnesia
Inability to retrieve information
Anterograde Amnesia
loss of ability to assimilate and retain new knowledge, Eg. HM, Finding Dory
Retrograde Amnesia
Loss of memory for events that have happened in past, eg. The Bourne Identity, Robocop
Encoding
getting information into the system by translating it into a neural code that your brain can process
Effortful Processing
Intentional, effortful conscious process
Automatic Processing
Unintentional Process requiring minimal attention, Frequency, spatial location, sequence, timing.
Dual-coding hypothesis
Information that can be coded verbally and visually is better remembered than only verbal information, eg. (dog vs keep)
Levels of Processing
Structural(worst processing), Phonemic(mid processing), Semantic (best processing): Peep graph.
Maintenance Rehearsal
Repeating the information over and over, Not the best way to improve recall
Elaborative Rehearsal
Adding to the information, what does the word mean, how does the word relate to know concepts, what does word remind you of (imagery)
Chunking
Combine items into larger units of meaning, eg. CTV KFC FBI, phone #
Mnemonic devices
Mental strategies that aide in remembering information (eg, SIN COS TAN, ROYGBIV), making a narrative
Method of Loci (memory palace)
Link what you need to remember with a place that you know well (real or not)
Visual Based Mnemonics
Item is more likely to be remembered if they are interacting with something else, Peep photos
Model of 3 systems
peep model
Sensory Memory
Briefly holds sensory information
Iconic store (memory)
holds visual information (fraction of a second)
Echoic store (memory)
holds auditory information (2 or more seconds)
Short Term Memory
Temporarily stores and processes a limited amount of information
Working Memory
Same thing but active and more capacity, can manipulate info, 20-30 seconds.
Control Processess
Maintenance rehearsal: simple repetition
Elaborative Rehearsal: focus on meaning (more effective)
Associative Networks
Theory that memory can be represented as a network of associated concepts; nodes. (peep graph on Donald)
Long-Term Memory
Storage of information that last from minutes to forever
Serial Position Effect
Describes the relationship between a words position in a list and its probability of recall
Primacy effect (remember from beginning)
Recency effect (remember what was most recent.)
Implicit Memory
Memory that is expressed through past experiences, unconscious or automatic memories (eg. Driving, riding a bike, skill behaviour)
Procedural Memory
Cannot be verbalized, skills and actions (eg. walking)
Classical Conditioning
Learning by association, 2 different stimuli
Explicit Memory
Memory that is consciously retrieved
Declarative Memory
Can be verbalized, consist of
Episodic : personal experiences; episodes
Semantic : general factual knowledge
Retrieval
Process of transferring information from long-term memory back into working memory (consciousness)
Retrieval Cues
Any stimulus that helps/promotes memory recall.
Retrieval Cues
Any stimulus that helps/promotes memory recall.
Flashbulb Memories
Memory for the circumstances in which you first learned about a very surprising and emotionally arousing event (eg. National Disaster memories)
Flashbulb Memories
Memory for the circumstances in which you first learned about a very surprising and emotionally arousing event (eg. National Disaster memories)
Encoding specificty principle
Retrieval can be increased by matching the conditions at retrieval to the conditions that existed at encoding
Context Dependent Memory
The phenomenon that is typically easier to remember something in the same environment in which it was originally learned or experienced (eg scuba diver graph peep)
State Dependent Memory
Learning is associated with a particular internal state, (eg. studying while exercising)
Mood congruent Recall
Tendency to recall information or events that are congruent with our mood. Different from memory dependant memory
Dementia
Refers to impaired memory and other cognitive deficits that accompany brain degeneration and interfere with normal function
