Chapter 9: Organizational Cultures, Innovations, and Change Flashcards
Define tolerance for ambiguity
tolerance for ambiguity is an ability to deal with uncertainty even when events are beyond personal control
Define organizational culture
organizational culture is a system of shared beliefs and values guiding behavior (aka corporate culture)
What are strong cultures?
strong cultures are clear, well-defined, and widely shared among members
Define socialization
socialization is the process through which new members learn the culture of an organization
Define observable culture
observable culture is what you see and hear when walking around an organization
What are the main components of organizational culture?
o Stories
Tales about events conveying core values
o Heroes
People (past and present) who display core values
o Symbols
Language and other symbols conveying core values
o Rites and Rituals
Celebration of heroes and events displaying core values
Where is core culture found?
core culture is found in the underlying values of the organization
Define core values
core values are beliefs and values shared by organization members
Define value-based management
value-based management actively develops, communicates, and enacts shared values
Define symbolic leader
a symbolic leader uses language and symbols and actions to establish and maintain a desired organizational culture
Define workplace spirituality
workplace spirituality involves practices that create meaning and shared community among organizational members
What is an ability to deal with uncertainty even when events are beyond personal control?
tolerance for ambiguity
What is a system of shared beliefs and values guiding behavior (aka corporate culture)?
organizational culture
What type of culture is clear, well-defined, and widely shared among members?
strong cultures
What is the process through which new members learn the culture of an organization?
socialization
What is what you see and hear when walking around an organization?
observable culture
What is found in the underlying values of the organization?
core culture
What are beliefs and values shared by organization members?
core values
What type of management actively develops, communicates, and enacts shared values?
value-based management
What type of leader uses language and symbols and actions to establish and maintain a desired organizational culture?
symbolic leader
What involves practices that create meaning and shared community among organizational members?
workplace spirituality
Define innovation
innovation is the process of taking a new idea and putting it into practice
What do process innovations result in?
process innovations result in better ways of doing things
What do product innovations result in?
product innovations result in new or improved goods or services
What do business model innovations result in?
business model innovations result in ways for firms to make money
What do green innovation or sustainable innovation do?
green innovation reduces the carbon footprint of an organization or its products
Define social innovation
social innovation is business innovation driven by a social conscience
Define social entrepreneurship
social entrepreneurship pursues innovative ways to solve pressing social problems
Define commercializing innovation
commercializing innovation the process of turning new ideas into salable products
What is the first step of commercializing innovation?
o Step 1: Idea Creation
Discovering a potential product or way to modify and existing one
What is the second step of commercializing innovation?(after idea creation)
Initial Experimentation
Sharing the idea with others and testing it in prototype form
What is the third step of commercializing innovation?(after initial experimentation)
o Step 3: Feasibility Determination
Testing the practicality and financial viability of the new product
What is the fourth step of commercializing innovation?(after feasibility experimentation)
o Step 4: Final Application
Commercializing the product for sale to customers or clients
Define reverse innovation or trickle-up innovation
reverse innovation recognizes the potential for valuable innovations to be launched from lower organizational levels and diverse locations, including emerging markets
Define skunkworks
skunkworks are special creative units set free from the normal structure for the purpose of innovation
What is the process of taking a new idea and putting it into practice?
innovation
What type of innovation result in better ways of doing things?
process innovation
What type of innovation result in new or improved goods or services?
product innovation
What type of innovation result in ways for firms to make money?
business model innovation
What reduces the carbon footprint of an organization or its products?
green innovation or sustainable innovation
What type of innovation is a business innovation driven by a social conscience?
social innovation
What pursues innovative ways to solve pressing social problems?
social entrepreneurship
What is the process of turning new ideas into salable products?
commercializing innovation
What type of innovation recognizes the potential for valuable innovations to be launched from lower organizational levels and diverse locations, including emerging markets?
reverse innovation or trickle-up innovation
What are special creative units set free from the normal structure for the purpose of innovation?
skunkworks
What does a change leader do?
A change leader tries to change the behavior of another person or social system
What does transformational change result in?
transformational change results in a major and comprehensive redirection of the organization
What does incremental change do?
incremental change bends and adjusts existing ways to improve performance
Define unfreezing
unfreezing is the phase during which a situation is prepared for change
Define changing
changing is the phase where a planned change actually takes place
Define refreezing
refreezing is the phase at which change is stabilized
What Are the Change Leader’s Responsibilities in unfreezing? (3)
o Establishing a good relationship with the people involved
o Helping others realize that present behaviors are not effective
o Minimizing expressed resistance to change
What Are the Change Leader’s Responsibilities in changing? (3)
o Identifying new, more effective ways of behaving
o Choosing changes in tasks, people, culture, technology, and structures
o Taking action to put these changes into place
What Are the Change Leader’s Responsibilities in refreezing? (3)
o Creating acceptance and continuity for the new behaviors
o Providing any necessary resource support
o Using performance-contingent rewards and positive reinforcement
What Happens When a Change Leader Uses force-coercion strategies?
• The results of force-coercion strategies are faster, but low commitment and only temporary compliance
What Happens When a Change Leader Uses rational persuasion strategies?
• The results of rational persuasion strategies are compliance with reasonable commitment
What Happens When a Change Leader Uses shared power strategies?
• The results of shared power strategies are slower, but high commitment and longer term internalization
Define force-coercion strategy
force-coercion strategy pursues change through formal authority and/or the use of rewards or punishments
What is the difference between direct forcing strategy and political maneuvering?
• In a direct forcing strategy, the change agent takes direct and unilateral action to command that change take place while • In political maneuvering, the change agent works indirectly to gain special advantage over other persons to force the change
What does direct forcing strategy involve?
direct forcing strategy o Involves formal authority or legitimate power, offering special rewards and/or threatening punishment
What does political maneuvering involve?
political maneuvering involves bargaining, obtaining control or important resources, forming alliances or granting favors
Define rational persuasion strategy
rational persuasion strategy pursues change through empirical data and rational argument
Define shared power strategy (normative re-educative strategy)
shared power strategy pursues change by participation in assessing change needs, values, and goals
Who tries to change the behavior of another person or social system?
change leader
What results in a major and comprehensive redirection of the organization?
transformational change
What bends and adjusts existing ways to improve performance?
incremental change
What is the phase during which a situation is prepared for change?
unfreezing
What is the phase where a planned change actually takes place?
changing
What is the phase at which change is stabilized?
refreezing
In what phase of planned change does the change leader o Establishing a good relationship with the people involved
o Helping others realize that present behaviors are not effective
o Minimizing expressed resistance to change
?
unfreezing
In what phase of planned change does the change leader o Identifying new, more effective ways of behaving
o Choosing changes in tasks, people, culture, technology, and structures
o Taking action to put these changes into place
?
changing
In what phase of planned change does the change leader o Creating acceptance and continuity for the new behaviors
o Providing any necessary resource support
o Using performance-contingent rewards and positive reinforcement
?
refreezing
Which strategy’s results are faster, but low commitment and only temporary compliance?
force-coercion strategy
Which strategy’s results are compliance with reasonable commitment?
rational persuasion strategy
Which strategy’s results are slower, but high commitment and longer term internalization?
shared power strategy
What pursues change through formal authority and/or the use of rewards or punishments?
force-coercion strategy
In what form of force-coercion strategy does the change agent takes direct and unilateral action to command that change take place?
direct forcing strategy
In what form of force-coercion strategy does the change agent works indirectly to gain special advantage over other persons to force the change?
political maneuvering
What form of force-coercion strategy involves formal authority or legitimate power, offering special rewards and/or threatening punishment?
direct forcing strategy
What form of force-coercion strategy involves bargaining, obtaining control or important resources, forming alliances or granting favors?
political maneuvering
What type of change strategy pursues change through empirical data and rational argument?
rational persuasion strategy
What types of change strategy pursues change by participation in assessing change needs, values, and goals?
shared power strategy
