Chapter 9: Organizational Cultures, Innovations, and Change

Question 1

Define tolerance for ambiguity

Answer 1

tolerance for ambiguity is an ability to deal with uncertainty even when events are beyond personal control

Question 2

Define organizational culture

Answer 2

organizational culture is a system of shared beliefs and values guiding behavior (aka corporate culture)

Question 3

What are strong cultures?

Answer 3

strong cultures are clear, well-defined, and widely shared among members

Question 4

Define socialization

Answer 4

socialization is the process through which new members learn the culture of an organization

Question 5

Define observable culture

Answer 5

observable culture is what you see and hear when walking around an organization

Question 6

What are the main components of organizational culture?

Answer 6

o Stories
 Tales about events conveying core values
o Heroes
 People (past and present) who display core values
o Symbols
 Language and other symbols conveying core values
o Rites and Rituals
 Celebration of heroes and events displaying core values

Question 7

Where is core culture found?

Answer 7

core culture is found in the underlying values of the organization

Question 8

Define core values

Answer 8

core values are beliefs and values shared by organization members

Question 9

Define value-based management

Answer 9

value-based management actively develops, communicates, and enacts shared values

Question 10

Define symbolic leader

Answer 10

a symbolic leader uses language and symbols and actions to establish and maintain a desired organizational culture

Question 11

Define workplace spirituality

Answer 11

workplace spirituality involves practices that create meaning and shared community among organizational members

Question 12

What is an ability to deal with uncertainty even when events are beyond personal control?

Answer 12

tolerance for ambiguity

Question 13

What is a system of shared beliefs and values guiding behavior (aka corporate culture)?

Answer 13

organizational culture

Question 14

What type of culture is clear, well-defined, and widely shared among members?

Answer 14

strong cultures

Question 15

What is the process through which new members learn the culture of an organization?

Answer 15

socialization

Question 16

What is what you see and hear when walking around an organization?

Answer 16

observable culture

Question 17

What is found in the underlying values of the organization?

Answer 17

core culture

Question 18

What are beliefs and values shared by organization members?

Answer 18

core values

Question 19

What type of management actively develops, communicates, and enacts shared values?

Answer 19

value-based management

Question 20

What type of leader uses language and symbols and actions to establish and maintain a desired organizational culture?

Answer 20

symbolic leader

Question 21

What involves practices that create meaning and shared community among organizational members?

Answer 21

workplace spirituality

Question 22

Define innovation

Answer 22

innovation is the process of taking a new idea and putting it into practice

Question 23

What do process innovations result in?

Answer 23

process innovations result in better ways of doing things

Question 24

What do product innovations result in?

Answer 24

product innovations result in new or improved goods or services

Question 25

What do business model innovations result in?

Answer 25

business model innovations result in ways for firms to make money

Question 26

What do green innovation or sustainable innovation do?

Answer 26

green innovation reduces the carbon footprint of an organization or its products

Question 27

Define social innovation

Answer 27

social innovation is business innovation driven by a social conscience

Question 28

Define social entrepreneurship

Answer 28

social entrepreneurship pursues innovative ways to solve pressing social problems

Question 29

Define commercializing innovation

Answer 29

commercializing innovation the process of turning new ideas into salable products

Question 30

What is the first step of commercializing innovation?

Answer 30

o Step 1: Idea Creation |  Discovering a potential product or way to modify and existing one

Question 31

What is the second step of commercializing innovation?(after idea creation)

Answer 31

Initial Experimentation |  Sharing the idea with others and testing it in prototype form

Question 32

What is the third step of commercializing innovation?(after initial experimentation)

Answer 32

o Step 3: Feasibility Determination |  Testing the practicality and financial viability of the new product

Question 33

What is the fourth step of commercializing innovation?(after feasibility experimentation)

Answer 33

o Step 4: Final Application |  Commercializing the product for sale to customers or clients

Question 34

Define reverse innovation or trickle-up innovation

Answer 34

reverse innovation recognizes the potential for valuable innovations to be launched from lower organizational levels and diverse locations, including emerging markets

Question 35

Define skunkworks

Answer 35

skunkworks are special creative units set free from the normal structure for the purpose of innovation

Question 36

What is the process of taking a new idea and putting it into practice?

Answer 36

innovation

Question 37

What type of innovation result in better ways of doing things?

Answer 37

process innovation

Question 38

What type of innovation result in new or improved goods or services?

Answer 38

product innovation

Question 39

What type of innovation result in ways for firms to make money?

Answer 39

business model innovation

Question 40

What reduces the carbon footprint of an organization or its products?

Answer 40

green innovation or sustainable innovation

Question 41

What type of innovation is a business innovation driven by a social conscience?

Answer 41

social innovation

Question 42

What pursues innovative ways to solve pressing social problems?

Answer 42

social entrepreneurship

Question 43

What is the process of turning new ideas into salable products?

Answer 43

commercializing innovation

Question 44

What type of innovation recognizes the potential for valuable innovations to be launched from lower organizational levels and diverse locations, including emerging markets?

Answer 44

reverse innovation or trickle-up innovation

Question 45

What are special creative units set free from the normal structure for the purpose of innovation?

Answer 45

skunkworks

Question 46

What does a change leader do?

Answer 46

A change leader tries to change the behavior of another person or social system

Question 47

What does transformational change result in?

Answer 47

transformational change results in a major and comprehensive redirection of the organization

Question 48

What does incremental change do?

Answer 48

incremental change bends and adjusts existing ways to improve performance

Question 49

Define unfreezing

Answer 49

unfreezing is the phase during which a situation is prepared for change

Question 50

Define changing

Answer 50

changing is the phase where a planned change actually takes place

Question 51

Define refreezing

Answer 51

refreezing is the phase at which change is stabilized

Question 52

 What Are the Change Leader’s Responsibilities in unfreezing? (3)

Answer 52

o Establishing a good relationship with the people involved o Helping others realize that present behaviors are not effective o Minimizing expressed resistance to change

Question 53

 What Are the Change Leader’s Responsibilities in changing? (3)

Answer 53

o Identifying new, more effective ways of behaving o Choosing changes in tasks, people, culture, technology, and structures o Taking action to put these changes into place

Question 54

 What Are the Change Leader’s Responsibilities in refreezing? (3)

Answer 54

o Creating acceptance and continuity for the new behaviors o Providing any necessary resource support o Using performance-contingent rewards and positive reinforcement

Question 55

 What Happens When a Change Leader Uses force-coercion strategies?

Answer 55

• The results of force-coercion strategies are faster, but low commitment and only temporary compliance

Question 56

 What Happens When a Change Leader Uses rational persuasion strategies?

Answer 56

• The results of rational persuasion strategies are compliance with reasonable commitment

Question 57

 What Happens When a Change Leader Uses shared power strategies?

Answer 57

• The results of shared power strategies are slower, but high commitment and longer term internalization

Question 58

Define force-coercion strategy

Answer 58

force-coercion strategy pursues change through formal authority and/or the use of rewards or punishments

Question 59

What is the difference between direct forcing strategy and political maneuvering?

Answer 59

• In a direct forcing strategy, the change agent takes direct and unilateral action to command that change take place while • In political maneuvering, the change agent works indirectly to gain special advantage over other persons to force the change

Question 60

What does direct forcing strategy involve?

Answer 60

direct forcing strategy o Involves formal authority or legitimate power, offering special rewards and/or threatening punishment

Question 61

What does political maneuvering involve?

Answer 61

political maneuvering involves bargaining, obtaining control or important resources, forming alliances or granting favors

Question 62

Define rational persuasion strategy

Answer 62

rational persuasion strategy pursues change through empirical data and rational argument

Question 63

Define shared power strategy (normative re-educative strategy)

Answer 63

shared power strategy pursues change by participation in assessing change needs, values, and goals

Question 64

Who tries to change the behavior of another person or social system?

Answer 64

change leader

Question 65

What results in a major and comprehensive redirection of the organization?

Answer 65

transformational change

Question 66

What bends and adjusts existing ways to improve performance?

Answer 66

incremental change

Question 67

What is the phase during which a situation is prepared for change?

Answer 67

unfreezing

Question 68

What is the phase where a planned change actually takes place?

Answer 68

changing

Question 69

What is the phase at which change is stabilized?

Answer 69

refreezing

Question 70

In what phase of planned change does the change leader o Establishing a good relationship with the people involved o Helping others realize that present behaviors are not effective o Minimizing expressed resistance to change ?

Answer 70

unfreezing

Question 71

In what phase of planned change does the change leader o Identifying new, more effective ways of behaving o Choosing changes in tasks, people, culture, technology, and structures o Taking action to put these changes into place ?

Answer 71

changing

Question 72

In what phase of planned change does the change leader o Creating acceptance and continuity for the new behaviors o Providing any necessary resource support o Using performance-contingent rewards and positive reinforcement ?

Answer 72

refreezing

Question 73

Which strategy's results are faster, but low commitment and only temporary compliance?

Answer 73

force-coercion strategy

Question 74

Which strategy's results are compliance with reasonable commitment?

Answer 74

rational persuasion strategy

Question 75

Which strategy's results are slower, but high commitment and longer term internalization?

Answer 75

shared power strategy

Question 76

What pursues change through formal authority and/or the use of rewards or punishments?

Answer 76

force-coercion strategy

Question 77

In what form of force-coercion strategy does the change agent takes direct and unilateral action to command that change take place?

Answer 77

direct forcing strategy

Question 78

In what form of force-coercion strategy does the change agent works indirectly to gain special advantage over other persons to force the change?

Answer 78

political maneuvering

Question 79

What form of force-coercion strategy involves formal authority or legitimate power, offering special rewards and/or threatening punishment?

Answer 79

direct forcing strategy

Question 80

What form of force-coercion strategy involves bargaining, obtaining control or important resources, forming alliances or granting favors?

Answer 80

political maneuvering

Question 81

What type of change strategy pursues change through empirical data and rational argument?

Answer 81

rational persuasion strategy

Question 82

What types of change strategy pursues change by participation in assessing change needs, values, and goals?

Answer 82

shared power strategy