Chapter 6: Controls and Control Systems Flashcards
Define controlling
controlling is the process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results
What is the process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results?
controlling
Define after-action review
after-action review is a structured review of lessons learned and results accomplished through a completed project, task force assignment, or special operation
What is a structured review of lessons learned and results accomplished through a completed project, task force assignment, or special operation?
after-action review
What are the four-steps in the control process?
Step 1: establish performance objectives and standards
Step 2: measure actual performance
Step 3: compare actual performance with objectives and standards
Step 4: take necessary action
Define output standard
An output standard measures performance results in terms of quantity, quality, cost, or time
What measures performance results in terms of quantity, quality, cost, or time?
output standard
Define input standard
An input standard measures work efforts that go into a performance task
What measures work efforts that go into a performance task?
input standard
Define management by exception
management by exception focuses attention on differences between actual and desired performance
What focuses attention on differences between actual and desired performance?
management by exception
Define feedforward control
feedforward control ensures clear directions and needed resources before the work begins
What ensures clear directions and needed resources before the work begins?
feedforward control
Define concurrent control
concurrent control focuses on what happens during the work process
What focuses on what happens during the work process?
concurrent control
Define feedback control
feedback control takes place after completing an action
What takes place after completing an action?
feedback control
Define internal control/self-control
internal control occurs as people exercise self-discipline in fulfilling job expectations
What occurs as people exercise self-discipline in fulfilling job expectations?
internal control
Define external control
external control occurs through direct supervision or administrative systems
What occurs as people exercise self-discipline in fulfilling job expectations?
external control
Define bureaucratic control
bureaucratic control influences behavior through authority, policies, procedures, job descriptions, budgets, and day-to-day supervision
What influences behavior through authority, policies, procedures, job descriptions, budgets, and day-to-day supervision?
bureaucratic control
Define clan control
clan control influences behavior through social norms and peer expectations
What influences behavior through social norms and peer expectations?
clan control
Define market control
market control is essentially the influence of market competition on the behavior of organizations and their members
What is essentially the influence of market competition on the behavior of organizations and their members?
market control
Define managing by objectives
managing by objectives is a process of joint objective setting between a superior and a subordinate
What is a process of joint objective setting between a superior and a subordinate?
managing by objectives
Define improvement objectives
improvement objectives document intentions to improve performance in a specific way
What document intentions to improve performance in a specific way?
improvement objectives
Define personal development objectives
personal development objectives document intentions to accomplish personal growth, such as expanded job knowledge or skills
What document intentions to accomplish personal growth, such as expanded job knowledge or skills?
personal development objectives
Define total quality management (TQM)
total quality management commits to quality objectives, continuous improvement, and doing things right the first time
What commits to quality objectives, continuous improvement, and doing things right the first time?
total quality management (TQM)
Define continuous improvement
Continuous improvement involves always searching for new ways to improve work quality and performance
What involves always searching for new ways to improve work quality and performance?
continuous improvement
Define control charts
control charts are graphical ways of displaying so that exceptions to quality standards can be identified
What are graphical ways of displaying so that exceptions to quality standards can be identified?
control charts
Define six sigma
Six Sigma is a quality standard of 3.4 defects or less per million products or service deliveries
What is a quality standard of 3.4 defects or less per million products or service deliveries?
Six Sigma
Define projects
projects are one-time activities with many component tasks that must be completed in proper order and according to budget
What are one-time activities with many component tasks that must be completed in proper order and according to budget?
projects
Define project management
project management makes sure that activities required to complete a project are planned well and accomplished on time
What makes sure that activities required to complete a project are planned well and accomplished on time?
project management
Define Gantt Chart
A Gantt chart graphically displays the scheduling of tasks required to complete a project
What graphically displays the scheduling of tasks required to complete a project?
Gantt Chart
Define CPM/PERT
CPM/PERT is a combination of the critical path method and the program evaluation and review technique
What is a combination of the critical path method and the program evaluation and review technique?
CPM/PERT
Define critical path
The critical path is the pathway from project start to conclusion that involves activities with the longest completion times
What is the pathway from project start to conclusion that involves activities with the longest completion times?
critical path
Define inventory control
Inventory control ensures that inventory is only big enough to meet immediate needs
What ensures that inventory is only big enough to meet immediate needs?
inventory control
Define economic order quantity
The economic order quantity method places new orders when inventory levels fall to predetermined points
What method places new orders when inventory levels fall to predetermined points?
economic order quantity
Define just-in-time scheduling (JIT)
just-in-time scheduling (JIT) routes materials to workstations just in time for use
What routes materials to workstations just in time for use?
just-in-time scheduling (JIT)
Define breakeven point
The breakeven point occurs where revenues just equal costs
What occurs where revenues just equal costs?
breakeven point
Define breakeven analysis
Breakeven analysis performs what-if calculations under different revenue and cost conditions
What performs what-if calculations under different revenue and cost conditions?
breakeven analysis
Define balanced scorecard
A balanced scorecard measures performance on financial, customer service, internal process, and innovation and learning goals
What measures performance on financial, customer service, internal process, and innovation and learning goals?
a balanced scorecard
