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Medical Terminology > Chapter 9 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

A pharmacological agent capable of preventing or arresting epilepsy

A

Antiepileptic

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2
Q

Alternate name for seizure

A

Convulsion

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3
Q

Record of the electrical activity of the brain

A

Electroencephalogram EEG

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4
Q

Device used to record the electrical activity of the brain

A

Electroencephalograph

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5
Q

The process of recording the electrical activity of the brain

A

Electroencephalography

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6
Q

Pertaining to the use of electricity in the diagnosis of a neurologic disorder

A

Electroneurodiagnostic

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7
Q

Chronic brain disorder due to paroxysmal excessive neuronal discharges

A

Epilepsy

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8
Q

Pertaining to or suffering from seizures

A

Epileptic

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9
Q

Pertaining to or condition cause by a stroke or epilepsy

A

Ictal

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10
Q

Pertaining to nerves that send impulses out to cause muscles to contract or glands to secrete

A

Motor

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11
Q

Medical specialty of disorders of the nervous system

A

Neurology

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12
Q

Medical specialist in disorders of the nervous system

A

Neurologist

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13
Q

Pertaining to the nervous system

A

Neurologic

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14
Q

Specialist in operating in the nervous system

A

Neurosurgeon

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15
Q

Medical specialty in surgery of the nervous system

A

Neurosurgery

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16
Q

An agent with the ability to alter mood, anxiety, behavior, cognitive processes or mental tension

A

Psychoactive

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17
Q

Event due to excessive electrical activity in the brain

A

Seizure

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18
Q

Having the function of sensation; relating to structures of the nervous system that carry impulses to the brain

A

Sensory

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19
Q

In a state of muscular contraction

A

Tonic

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20
Q

Generalized seizure activity due to epileptic activity in all or most of the brain

A

Tonic-Clonic Seizure

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21
Q

Conducting impulses inward toward the spinal cord or brain

A

Afferent

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22
Q

Not voluntary; pertaining to the self-governing visceral motor division of the peripheral nervous system

A

Autonomic

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23
Q

Conducting impulses outward away from the brain or spinal cord

A

Efferent

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24
Q

Collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

A

Ganglion / ganglia

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25
Q

A cord of fibers in connective tissue conduct impulses

A

Nerve / nervous

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26
Q

Technical term for a nerve cell; consists of the cell body with its dendrites and axons

A

Neuron

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27
Q

Pertaining to division of autonomic nervous system; has opposite effects of the sympathetic division

A

Parasympathetic

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28
Q

Pertaining to the periphery or external boundary

A

Peripheral

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29
Q

A weblike network of joined nerves

A

Plexus / plexuses

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30
Q

Pertaining to a division of peripheral nervous system serving the skeletal muscles

A

Somatic

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31
Q

Pertaining to the part of the autonomic nervous system operating at the unconscious level

A

Sympathetic

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32
Q

Pertaining to the internal organs

A

Visceral

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33
Q

Parasympathetic neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

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34
Q

Single process of a nerve cell carrying nervous impulses away from the cell body

A

Axon

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35
Q

Branched extension of the nerve cell body that receives nervous stimuli

A

Dendrite

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36
Q

Neurotransmitter in some specific small areas of the brain

A

Dopamine

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37
Q

Natural substance in the brain that has the same effect as opium

A

Endorphin

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38
Q

Material of the sheath around the axon of a nerve

A

Myelin

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39
Q

Covering of a nerve around the myelin sheath

A

Neurilemma

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40
Q

Chemical agent that relays messages from one nerve cell to the next

A

Neurotransmitter

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41
Q

Parasympathetic neurotransmitter

A

Norepinephrine

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42
Q

Disease of muscular registry, tremors, and a masklike facial expression

A

Parkinson disease

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43
Q

Neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous system

A

Serotonin

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44
Q

Junction between two nerve cells, or a nerve fiber and it’s target cell; where electrical impulses are transmitted between the cells

A

Synapse / synaptic

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45
Q

Star-shaped connection tissue cell in the nervous system

A

Astrocyte

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46
Q

A selective mechanism that protects the brain from toxins and infections

A

Blood-brain barrier BBB

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47
Q

Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord

A

Cerebrospinal

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48
Q

Fluid formed in the ventricles of the brain; surrounds the brain and spinal cord

A

Cerebrospinal fluid CSF

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49
Q

Process of acquiring knowledge through thinking, learning, and memory

A

Cognition

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50
Q

Pertaining to the mental activities of thinking and learning

A

Cognitive

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51
Q

Membrane lining the central canal of the spinal cord and the Ventricles of the brain

A

Ependyma

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52
Q

Connective tissue that holds a structure together

A

Glia

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53
Q

Small nervous tissue cells that are phagocytes

A

Microglia

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54
Q

Connective tissue holding nervous tissue together

A

Neuroglia

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55
Q

Regions of the brain and spinal cord occupied by cell bodies and dendrites

A

Gray matter

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56
Q

Connective tissue cell of the central nervous system that forms a myelin sheath

A

Oligodendrocyte

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57
Q

Connective tissue cell of the peripheral nervous system that forms a myelin sheath

A

Schwann cell

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58
Q

Regions of the brain and spinal cord occupied by bundles of axons

A

White matter

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59
Q

Region of the brain that includes the thalamus, pineal gland, pons, fourth ventricle, and medulla oblongata

A

Brain stem

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60
Q

The most posterior area of the brain

A

Cerebellum

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61
Q

The major portion of the brain divided into two hemispheres

A

Cerebrum / cerebral

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62
Q

Bridge of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

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63
Q

Gray covering of cerebral hemispheres

A

Cortex / cortical

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64
Q

Area of the brain behind the frontal bone

A

Frontal lobe

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65
Q

Rounded elevation on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres

A

Gyrus/gyri

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66
Q

Posterior area of cerebral hemispheres

A

Occipital lobe

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67
Q

Area of brain under the parietal bone

A

Parietal lobe

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68
Q

Groove on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres that separates gyri

A

Sulcus / sulci

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69
Q

Posterior two-thirds of cerebral hemispheres

A

Temporal lobe

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70
Q

State of deep unconsciousness

A

Coma

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71
Q

Being in a coma

A

Comatose

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72
Q

Cross over like the arms of an X

A

Decussate

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73
Q

Area of gray matter forming part of the walls and floor of the third ventricle

A

Hypothalamus

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74
Q

Pertaining to the hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamic

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75
Q

Pertaining to the Limbic system, an array of nerve fibers surrounding the thalamus

A

Limbic

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76
Q

Most posterior subdivision of the brainstem, continuation of the spinal cord

A

Medulla oblongata

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77
Q

Part of the brainstem

A

Pons

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78
Q

Fine network of cells in the medulla oblongata

A

Reticulum

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79
Q

Pertaining to the reticulum

A

Reticular

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80
Q

Mass of gray matter underneath the ventricle in each cerebral hemisphere

A

Thalamus

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81
Q

A cavity of the heart or brain

A

Ventricle

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82
Q

Pertaining to a ventricle

A

Ventricular

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83
Q

Sixth cranial nerve, responsible for eye movement

A

Abducens

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84
Q

Eleventh cranial nerve; supplying neck muscles, pharynx and larynx

A

Accessory

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85
Q

Pertaining to the sense of or the organs of hearing

A

Auditory

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86
Q

Pertaining to the skull

A

Cranial

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87
Q

Seventh cranial nerve; supplying the forehead, nose, eyes, mouth and jaw

A

Facial

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88
Q

Ninth cranial nerve; supplying the tongue and pharynx

A

Glossopharyngeal

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89
Q

Twelfth cranial nerve; supplying muscles of the tongue

A

Hypoglossal

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90
Q

Third cranial nerve; moves the eye

A

Oculomotor

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91
Q

First cranial nerve; carries information related to the sense of smell

A

Olfactory

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92
Q

Second cranial nerve; carries visual information

A

Optic

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93
Q

Fifth cranial nerve ; with its three different branches supplying the face

A

Trigeminal

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94
Q

Fourth cranial nerve; supplies on muscle of the eye

A

Trochlear

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95
Q

Tenth cranial nerve; supplies many different organs throughout the body

A

Vagus

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96
Q

Eighth cranial nerve; carrying information for the senses of hearing and balance

A

Vestibulocochlear

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97
Q

Weblike middle layer of the three meninges

A

Arachnoid matter

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98
Q

Bundle of spinal nerves in the vertebral canal below the ending of the spinal cord

A

Cauda equina

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99
Q

Pertaining to the neck region

A

Cervical

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100
Q

The area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve; alternatively, an instrument used for cutting thin slices

A

Dermatome

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101
Q

Hard, fibrous outer layer of the meninges

A

Dura mater

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102
Q

Above the dura

A

Epidural is

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103
Q

Space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal or bridge

A

Epidural space

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104
Q

The space between two vertebrae

A

Intervertebral

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105
Q

Pertaining to the region in the back and sides between the ribs and pelvis

A

Lumbar

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106
Q

Three layered covering of the brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges

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107
Q

Delicate inner layer of the meninges

A

Pla mater

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108
Q

In the neighborhood of the sacrum

A

Sacral

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109
Q

Placement of a needle through an intervertebral space into the subarachnoid space to withdraw CSF

A

Spinal tap

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110
Q

Space between the pla mater and the arachnoid membrane

A

Subarachnoid space

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111
Q

Pertaining to the chest (thorax)

A

Thoracic

112
Q

Bundle of nerve fibers with common origin and destination

A

Tract

113
Q

Common form of dementia

A

Alzheimer disease

114
Q

Mental state in which environmental stimuli are not processed appropriately

A

Confusion

115
Q

Having present knowledge of oneself and ones surroundings

A

Conscious

116
Q

The state of being aware of and responsive to the environment

A

Consciousness

117
Q

Not conscious, lacking awareness

A

Unconscious

118
Q

Acute altered state of consciousness with agitation and disorientation; condition if reversible

A

Delirium

119
Q

Chronic, progressive, irreversible loss of the minds cognitive and intellectual functions

A

Dementia

120
Q

Ability to place yourself into the feelings, emotions and reactions of another person

A

Empathy

121
Q

Appreciation and concern for another persons mental and emotional state

A

Sympathy

122
Q

Acute clinical event caused by an impaired cerebral circulation

A

Stroke

123
Q

Circumscribed dilation of an artery or cardiac chamber

A

Aneurysm

124
Q

X ray visualization of an artery after injection of contrast material

A

Arteriography

125
Q

An abnormal communication between an artery and a vein

A

Arteriovenous malformation

126
Q

Surgical removal of diseased lining from the carotid artery to leave a smooth lining

A

Carotid endarterectomy

127
Q

Weakness of one side of the body

A

Hemiparesis

128
Q

Paralysis of one side of the body

A

Hemiplegia

129
Q

Pertaining to or suffering from hemiplegia

A

Hemiplegic

130
Q

Disease of the very small blood vessels (capillaries)

A

Microangiopathy

131
Q

Dissolving a thrombus (clot)

A

Thrombolysis

132
Q

Capable of breaking up or dissolving a thrombus

A

Thrombolytic

133
Q

Inability to coordinate muscle activity, leading to jerky movements

A

Ataxia /ataxic

134
Q

Slow, writhing involuntary movements

A

Athetosis

135
Q

Resembling athetosis

A

Athetoid

136
Q

Muscle shortening due to spasm or fibrosis

A

Contracture

137
Q

Paralysis of all four limbs, with the two legs affected most severely

A

Diplegia / diplegic

138
Q

Diminishing of normal functioning

A

Impairment

139
Q

Paralysis of one limb

A

Monoplegia / monoplegic

140
Q

Paralysis of paresis from brain damage

A

Palsy

141
Q

Paralysis of both lower extremities

A

Paraplegia / paraplegic

142
Q

Paralysis of all four limbs

A

Quadriplegia / quadriplegic

143
Q

Sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle group; increased muscle tone on movement

A

Spasm

144
Q

Pertaining to or suffering from increased muscle tone on movement

A

Spastic

145
Q

Paralysis of three limbs

A

Triplegia / triplegic

146
Q

A pharmacological agent capable of preventing or arresting epilepsy

A

Antiepileptic

147
Q

Sudden loss of muscle tone with brief paralysis

A

Cataplexy

148
Q

Tumor arising in a glial cell

A

Glioma

149
Q

One name for a generalized tonic clonic seizure

A

grand mal seizure

150
Q

Condition with frequent incidents of sudden, involuntary deep sleep

A

Narcolepsy

151
Q

Old name for an absence seizure

A

Petit mal seizure

152
Q

Occurring after a seizure

A

Postictal

153
Q

A recurrent state of seizure activity lasting longer than a specific time frame usually 30 minutes

A

Status epillepticus

154
Q

Sudden, involuntary, repeated contraction of muscles

A

Tic

155
Q

Disorder of multiple motor and vocal tics

A

Tourette Syndrome

156
Q

Sensory experience preceding an epileptic seizure or a migraine headache

A

Aura

157
Q

Disease of cattle that can be transmitted to humans causing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

A

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy aka Mad Cow Disease

158
Q

Radiation therapy in which the source of irradiation is implanted in the tissue to be treated

A

Brachytherapy

159
Q

Involuntary, irregular spasms of limb and facial muscles

A

Chorea

160
Q

Progressive incurable neurologic disease caused by infectious prions

A

Creurzfeldt-Jakob disease

161
Q

Shuffling, failing-forward gait

A

Festinant

162
Q

A malignant form of brain cancer

A

Glioblastoma / multiforme

163
Q

Progressive inherited, degenerative, incurable neurologic disease

A

Huntington disease/chorea

164
Q

Paroxysmal severe headache confined to one side of the head

A

Migraine

165
Q

Small infectious protein particle

A

Prion

166
Q

Encephalopathy and liver damage in children following an acute viral illness; linked to aspirin use

A

Reye syndrome

167
Q

Temporary loss of consciousness and postural tone due to finished cerebral blood flow

A

Syncope

168
Q

Small, shaking, involuntary, repetitive movements of hands, extremities, neck or jaw

A

Tremor

169
Q

Daily routines for mobility and personal care: bathing dressing eating and moving

A

Activities of daily living

170
Q

Mild head injury

A

Concussion

171
Q

Bruising of a tissue including the brain

A

Contusion

172
Q

Injury to the brain occurring directly under the skull at the point of impact

A

Coup

173
Q

Injury to the brain at a point directly opposite the point of original contact

A

Contrecoup

174
Q

Diminished capacity to perform certain activities or functions

A

Disability

175
Q

Condition that interferes with a persons ability to function normally

A

Handicap

176
Q

Inability to sleep

A

Insomnia

177
Q

Removal of tissue to destroy its function

A

Ablation

178
Q

Process of removing a limb, part of a limb, a breast or other projecting part

A

Amputation

179
Q

State in which pain is reduced

A

Analgesia

180
Q

Substance that produces analgesia

A

Analgesic

181
Q

Complete loss of sensation

A

Anesthesia

182
Q

Medical specialist in anesthesia

A

Anesthesiologist

183
Q

Medical specialty related to anesthesia

A

Anesthesiology

184
Q

An agent that causes absence of feeling or sensation

A

Anesthetic

185
Q

Small area, in this case around a pain generating nerve

A

Facet

186
Q

Within the subarachnoid or subdural space

A

Intrathecal

187
Q

Inside a vein

A

Intravenous

188
Q

Derivative of opium used as an analgesic of sedative

A

Morphine

189
Q

Involving health care providers from more than one profession

A

Multidisciplinary

190
Q

A drug derived from opium

A

Opiate

191
Q

Paresis or paralysis of one side of face

A

Bell palsy

192
Q

Collection of blood that has escaped from the blood vessels into tissue

A

Hematoma

193
Q

Pertaining to one side of the face

A

Hemifacial

194
Q

Disorder of the sympathetic nerves to the face and eye

A

Horner Syndrome

195
Q

Tie off a structure, such as a bleeding blood vessel

A

Ligate

196
Q

Tumor arising from the arachnoid layer of the meninges

A

Meningioma

197
Q

Pertaining to the meningococcus bacterium

A

Meningococcal

198
Q

Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain of spinal cord

A

Meningitis

199
Q

Pain in the distribution of a nerve

A

Neuralgia

200
Q

Located in the space between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane

A

Subdural

201
Q

Painful, sudden, spasmodic, involuntary contractions of the facial muscles supplied by the trigeminal nerve

A

Tic douloureux trigeminal neuralgia

202
Q

Process of losing the myelin sheath of a nerve fiber

A

Demyelination

203
Q

Inflammation of brain cells and tissues

A

Encephalitis

204
Q

Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord

A

Encephalomyelitis

205
Q

Period where there is an increase in severity of a disease

A

Exacerbation

206
Q

Disorder in which the body makes anti bodies against myelin, disrupting nerve conduction

A

Guillain-Barré syndrome

207
Q

Alternately ceasing and beginning again

A

Intermittent

208
Q

Change the form or qualities of something

A

Modify

209
Q

Abnormal sensation

A

Paresthesia

210
Q

Period when there is a lessening or absence of the symptoms of a disease

A

Remission

211
Q

Pertaining to muscular atrophy

A

Amyotrophic

212
Q

Wasting or diminished volume of a tissue or organ

A

Atrophy

213
Q

A squeezing together so as to increase density and/or decrease a dimension of a structure

A

Compression

214
Q

Protrusion of an anatomical structure from its normal location

A

Herniation / hernia / herniate

215
Q

Disease transmitted by the bite of an infected deer tick

A

Lyme disease

216
Q

Inflammation of the spinal cord

A

Myelitis

217
Q

To make incapable of movement

A

Paralyze

218
Q

Loss of voluntary movement

A

Paralysis

219
Q

Pertaining to or suffering from paralysis

A

Paralytic

220
Q

Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord, leading to paralysis of the limbs and muscles of respiration

A

Poliomyelitis / polio

221
Q

Progressive muscle weakness in a person previously affected by polio

A

Postpolio syndrome

222
Q

Degenerative osteoarthritis of the spine

A

Spondylosis

223
Q

Abnormal longitudinal cavities in the spinal cord that cause paresthesias and muscle weakness

A

Syringomyelia

224
Q

Food poisoning caused by the neurotoxin produced by clostridium botulinum

A

Botulism

225
Q

Neurotoxin injected into muscles of the face to prevent the muscles from contracting and causing wrinkles

A

Botox

226
Q

Bone and joint destruction secondary to a neuropathy and loss of sensation

A

Charcot joint

227
Q

Acute, contagious viral disease

A

Chicken pox / varicella

228
Q

Bacterium that causes food poisoning

A

Clostridium botulinum

229
Q

Agent that destroys insects

A

Insecticide

230
Q

Disorder of fluctuating muscle weakness

A

Myasthenia Gravis

231
Q

Any disease of the nervous system

A

Neuropathy

232
Q

Disorder affecting a single nerve

A

Mononeuropathy

233
Q

Disorder affecting many nerves

A

Polyneuropathy

234
Q

Agent that poisons the nervous system

A

Neurotoxin

235
Q

Organic phosphorus compound used as an insecticide

A

Organophosphate

236
Q

Pain from compression of L5 or S1 nerve roots

A

Sciatica

237
Q

Pertaining to the sciatic nerve or sciatica

A

Sciatic

238
Q

Born without cerebral hemispheres

A

Anencephaly

239
Q

A structural abnormality

A

Anomaly

240
Q

Enlarged head due to excess CSF in the cerebral ventricles

A

Hydrocephalus

241
Q

Protrusion of the meninges from the spinal cord or brain through a defect in the vertebral column of cranium

A

Meningocele

242
Q

Protrusion of the spinal cord and meninges through a defect in the vertebral arch of one or more vertebrae

A

Meningomyelocele

243
Q

An abnormally small head

A

Microcephaly

244
Q

Failure of one or more vertebral arches to close during fetal development

A

Spina bifida

245
Q

Meninges and spinal cord protruding through the absent vertebral arch and having the appearance of a cyst

A

Spina bifida cystica

246
Q

The deformity of the vertebral arch is not apparent from the skin surface

A

Spina bifida occulta

247
Q

Agent that produces fetal deformities

A

Teratogen

248
Q

Capable of producing fetal deformities

A

Teratogenic

249
Q

Diagnostic instrument that sends an ultrasonic beam into the body

A

Doppler

250
Q

Imaging that defects direction, velocity, and turbulence of blood flow; used in workup of stroke patients

A

Doppler ultrasonography

251
Q

Computer generated color image to show directions of blood flow

A

Color Doppler ultrasonography

252
Q

Use of ultrasound in the diagnosis of intercranial lesions

A

Echoencephalography

253
Q

Record of the electrical activity of the brain and

A

Eletroencephalogram EEG

254
Q

Device used to record the electrical activity of the brain

A

Electroencephalograph

255
Q

The process of recording the electrical activity of the brain

A

Electroencephalography

256
Q

Recording of electrical activity in muscle

A

Electromyography

257
Q

Radiography of the spinal cord and nerve roots after injection of contrast medium into the subarachnoid space

A

Myelography

258
Q

Procedure to measure the speed at which an electrical impulse travels along a nerve

A

Nerve conduction study

259
Q

Pertaining to both nerves and muscles

A

Neuromuscular

260
Q

Person with a psychological or physical dependence on a substance or practice

A

Addict

261
Q

Habitual psychological and physiologic dependence on a substance or practice

A

Addiction

262
Q

Pertaining to or causing addiction

A

Addictive

263
Q

An opposing structure agent disease or process

A

Antagonist

264
Q

Situation of opposing

A

Antagonism

265
Q

Dried flowering leaves of the plant Cannabis sativa

A

Marijuana

266
Q

Agent that intensifies sensory perception

A

Psychedelic

267
Q

Able to alter mood behavior and or cognition

A

Psychoactive

268
Q

Agent that calms nervous excitement

A

Sedative

269
Q

State of being calmed

A

Sedation

270
Q

Agent the excites or strengthens functional activity

A

Stimulant

271
Q

Arousal to increased functional activity

A

Stimulation

272
Q

Built up or put together from simpler compounds

A

Synthetic

273
Q

The process of building a compound from different elements

A

Synthesis

274
Q

The capacity to become accustomed to a stimulus or drug

A

Tolerance

275
Q

Agent that calms without sedating or depressing

A

Tranquilizer

Medical Terminology (13 decks)

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