Chapter 9 - Nervous System Flashcards
A pharmacological agent capable of preventing or arresting epilepsy
Antiepileptic
Alternate name for seizure
Convulsion
Record of the electrical activity of the brain
Electroencephalogram EEG
Device used to record the electrical activity of the brain
Electroencephalograph
The process of recording the electrical activity of the brain
Electroencephalography
Pertaining to the use of electricity in the diagnosis of a neurologic disorder
Electroneurodiagnostic
Chronic brain disorder due to paroxysmal excessive neuronal discharges
Epilepsy
Pertaining to or suffering from seizures
Epileptic
Pertaining to or condition cause by a stroke or epilepsy
Ictal
Pertaining to nerves that send impulses out to cause muscles to contract or glands to secrete
Motor
Medical specialty of disorders of the nervous system
Neurology
Medical specialist in disorders of the nervous system
Neurologist
Pertaining to the nervous system
Neurologic
Specialist in operating in the nervous system
Neurosurgeon
Medical specialty in surgery of the nervous system
Neurosurgery
An agent with the ability to alter mood, anxiety, behavior, cognitive processes or mental tension
Psychoactive
Event due to excessive electrical activity in the brain
Seizure
Having the function of sensation; relating to structures of the nervous system that carry impulses to the brain
Sensory
In a state of muscular contraction
Tonic
Generalized seizure activity due to epileptic activity in all or most of the brain
Tonic-Clonic Seizure
Conducting impulses inward toward the spinal cord or brain
Afferent
Not voluntary; pertaining to the self-governing visceral motor division of the peripheral nervous system
Autonomic
Conducting impulses outward away from the brain or spinal cord
Efferent
Collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
Ganglion / ganglia
A cord of fibers in connective tissue conduct impulses
Nerve / nervous
Technical term for a nerve cell; consists of the cell body with its dendrites and axons
Neuron
Pertaining to division of autonomic nervous system; has opposite effects of the sympathetic division
Parasympathetic
Pertaining to the periphery or external boundary
Peripheral
A weblike network of joined nerves
Plexus / plexuses
Pertaining to a division of peripheral nervous system serving the skeletal muscles
Somatic
Pertaining to the part of the autonomic nervous system operating at the unconscious level
Sympathetic
Pertaining to the internal organs
Visceral
Parasympathetic neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
Single process of a nerve cell carrying nervous impulses away from the cell body
Axon
Branched extension of the nerve cell body that receives nervous stimuli
Dendrite
Neurotransmitter in some specific small areas of the brain
Dopamine
Natural substance in the brain that has the same effect as opium
Endorphin
Material of the sheath around the axon of a nerve
Myelin
Covering of a nerve around the myelin sheath
Neurilemma
Chemical agent that relays messages from one nerve cell to the next
Neurotransmitter
Parasympathetic neurotransmitter
Norepinephrine
Disease of muscular registry, tremors, and a masklike facial expression
Parkinson disease
Neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous system
Serotonin
Junction between two nerve cells, or a nerve fiber and it’s target cell; where electrical impulses are transmitted between the cells
Synapse / synaptic
Star-shaped connection tissue cell in the nervous system
Astrocyte
A selective mechanism that protects the brain from toxins and infections
Blood-brain barrier BBB
Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal
Fluid formed in the ventricles of the brain; surrounds the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid CSF
Process of acquiring knowledge through thinking, learning, and memory
Cognition
Pertaining to the mental activities of thinking and learning
Cognitive
Membrane lining the central canal of the spinal cord and the Ventricles of the brain
Ependyma
Connective tissue that holds a structure together
Glia
Small nervous tissue cells that are phagocytes
Microglia
Connective tissue holding nervous tissue together
Neuroglia
Regions of the brain and spinal cord occupied by cell bodies and dendrites
Gray matter
Connective tissue cell of the central nervous system that forms a myelin sheath
Oligodendrocyte
Connective tissue cell of the peripheral nervous system that forms a myelin sheath
Schwann cell
Regions of the brain and spinal cord occupied by bundles of axons
White matter
Region of the brain that includes the thalamus, pineal gland, pons, fourth ventricle, and medulla oblongata
Brain stem
The most posterior area of the brain
Cerebellum
The major portion of the brain divided into two hemispheres
Cerebrum / cerebral
Bridge of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
Corpus callosum
Gray covering of cerebral hemispheres
Cortex / cortical
Area of the brain behind the frontal bone
Frontal lobe
Rounded elevation on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres
Gyrus/gyri
Posterior area of cerebral hemispheres
Occipital lobe
Area of brain under the parietal bone
Parietal lobe
Groove on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres that separates gyri
Sulcus / sulci
Posterior two-thirds of cerebral hemispheres
Temporal lobe
State of deep unconsciousness
Coma
Being in a coma
Comatose
Cross over like the arms of an X
Decussate
Area of gray matter forming part of the walls and floor of the third ventricle
Hypothalamus
Pertaining to the hypothalamus
Hypothalamic
Pertaining to the Limbic system, an array of nerve fibers surrounding the thalamus
Limbic
Most posterior subdivision of the brainstem, continuation of the spinal cord
Medulla oblongata
Part of the brainstem
Pons
Fine network of cells in the medulla oblongata
Reticulum
Pertaining to the reticulum
Reticular
Mass of gray matter underneath the ventricle in each cerebral hemisphere
Thalamus
A cavity of the heart or brain
Ventricle
Pertaining to a ventricle
Ventricular
Sixth cranial nerve, responsible for eye movement
Abducens
Eleventh cranial nerve; supplying neck muscles, pharynx and larynx
Accessory
Pertaining to the sense of or the organs of hearing
Auditory
Pertaining to the skull
Cranial
Seventh cranial nerve; supplying the forehead, nose, eyes, mouth and jaw
Facial
Ninth cranial nerve; supplying the tongue and pharynx
Glossopharyngeal
Twelfth cranial nerve; supplying muscles of the tongue
Hypoglossal
Third cranial nerve; moves the eye
Oculomotor
First cranial nerve; carries information related to the sense of smell
Olfactory
Second cranial nerve; carries visual information
Optic
Fifth cranial nerve ; with its three different branches supplying the face
Trigeminal
Fourth cranial nerve; supplies on muscle of the eye
Trochlear
Tenth cranial nerve; supplies many different organs throughout the body
Vagus
Eighth cranial nerve; carrying information for the senses of hearing and balance
Vestibulocochlear
Weblike middle layer of the three meninges
Arachnoid matter
Bundle of spinal nerves in the vertebral canal below the ending of the spinal cord
Cauda equina
Pertaining to the neck region
Cervical
The area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve; alternatively, an instrument used for cutting thin slices
Dermatome
Hard, fibrous outer layer of the meninges
Dura mater
Above the dura
Epidural is
Space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal or bridge
Epidural space
The space between two vertebrae
Intervertebral
Pertaining to the region in the back and sides between the ribs and pelvis
Lumbar
Three layered covering of the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
Delicate inner layer of the meninges
Pla mater
In the neighborhood of the sacrum
Sacral
Placement of a needle through an intervertebral space into the subarachnoid space to withdraw CSF
Spinal tap
Space between the pla mater and the arachnoid membrane
Subarachnoid space
Pertaining to the chest (thorax)
Thoracic
Bundle of nerve fibers with common origin and destination
Tract
Common form of dementia
Alzheimer disease
Mental state in which environmental stimuli are not processed appropriately
Confusion
Having present knowledge of oneself and ones surroundings
Conscious
The state of being aware of and responsive to the environment
Consciousness
Not conscious, lacking awareness
Unconscious
Acute altered state of consciousness with agitation and disorientation; condition if reversible
Delirium
Chronic, progressive, irreversible loss of the minds cognitive and intellectual functions
Dementia
Ability to place yourself into the feelings, emotions and reactions of another person
Empathy
Appreciation and concern for another persons mental and emotional state
Sympathy
Acute clinical event caused by an impaired cerebral circulation
Stroke
Circumscribed dilation of an artery or cardiac chamber
Aneurysm
X ray visualization of an artery after injection of contrast material
Arteriography
An abnormal communication between an artery and a vein
Arteriovenous malformation
Surgical removal of diseased lining from the carotid artery to leave a smooth lining
Carotid endarterectomy
Weakness of one side of the body
Hemiparesis
Paralysis of one side of the body
Hemiplegia
Pertaining to or suffering from hemiplegia
Hemiplegic
Disease of the very small blood vessels (capillaries)
Microangiopathy
Dissolving a thrombus (clot)
Thrombolysis
Capable of breaking up or dissolving a thrombus
Thrombolytic
Inability to coordinate muscle activity, leading to jerky movements
Ataxia /ataxic
Slow, writhing involuntary movements
Athetosis
Resembling athetosis
Athetoid
Muscle shortening due to spasm or fibrosis
Contracture
Paralysis of all four limbs, with the two legs affected most severely
Diplegia / diplegic
Diminishing of normal functioning
Impairment
Paralysis of one limb
Monoplegia / monoplegic
Paralysis of paresis from brain damage
Palsy
Paralysis of both lower extremities
Paraplegia / paraplegic
Paralysis of all four limbs
Quadriplegia / quadriplegic
Sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle group; increased muscle tone on movement
Spasm
Pertaining to or suffering from increased muscle tone on movement
Spastic
Paralysis of three limbs
Triplegia / triplegic
A pharmacological agent capable of preventing or arresting epilepsy
Antiepileptic
Sudden loss of muscle tone with brief paralysis
Cataplexy
Tumor arising in a glial cell
Glioma
One name for a generalized tonic clonic seizure
grand mal seizure
Condition with frequent incidents of sudden, involuntary deep sleep
Narcolepsy
Old name for an absence seizure
Petit mal seizure
Occurring after a seizure
Postictal
A recurrent state of seizure activity lasting longer than a specific time frame usually 30 minutes
Status epillepticus
Sudden, involuntary, repeated contraction of muscles
Tic
Disorder of multiple motor and vocal tics
Tourette Syndrome
Sensory experience preceding an epileptic seizure or a migraine headache
Aura
Disease of cattle that can be transmitted to humans causing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy aka Mad Cow Disease
Radiation therapy in which the source of irradiation is implanted in the tissue to be treated
Brachytherapy
Involuntary, irregular spasms of limb and facial muscles
Chorea
Progressive incurable neurologic disease caused by infectious prions
Creurzfeldt-Jakob disease
Shuffling, failing-forward gait
Festinant
A malignant form of brain cancer
Glioblastoma / multiforme
Progressive inherited, degenerative, incurable neurologic disease
Huntington disease/chorea
Paroxysmal severe headache confined to one side of the head
Migraine
Small infectious protein particle
Prion
Encephalopathy and liver damage in children following an acute viral illness; linked to aspirin use
Reye syndrome
Temporary loss of consciousness and postural tone due to finished cerebral blood flow
Syncope
Small, shaking, involuntary, repetitive movements of hands, extremities, neck or jaw
Tremor
Daily routines for mobility and personal care: bathing dressing eating and moving
Activities of daily living
Mild head injury
Concussion
Bruising of a tissue including the brain
Contusion
Injury to the brain occurring directly under the skull at the point of impact
Coup
Injury to the brain at a point directly opposite the point of original contact
Contrecoup
Diminished capacity to perform certain activities or functions
Disability
Condition that interferes with a persons ability to function normally
Handicap
Inability to sleep
Insomnia
Removal of tissue to destroy its function
Ablation
Process of removing a limb, part of a limb, a breast or other projecting part
Amputation
State in which pain is reduced
Analgesia
Substance that produces analgesia
Analgesic
Complete loss of sensation
Anesthesia
Medical specialist in anesthesia
Anesthesiologist
Medical specialty related to anesthesia
Anesthesiology
An agent that causes absence of feeling or sensation
Anesthetic
Small area, in this case around a pain generating nerve
Facet
Within the subarachnoid or subdural space
Intrathecal
Inside a vein
Intravenous
Derivative of opium used as an analgesic of sedative
Morphine
Involving health care providers from more than one profession
Multidisciplinary
A drug derived from opium
Opiate
Paresis or paralysis of one side of face
Bell palsy
Collection of blood that has escaped from the blood vessels into tissue
Hematoma
Pertaining to one side of the face
Hemifacial
Disorder of the sympathetic nerves to the face and eye
Horner Syndrome
Tie off a structure, such as a bleeding blood vessel
Ligate
Tumor arising from the arachnoid layer of the meninges
Meningioma
Pertaining to the meningococcus bacterium
Meningococcal
Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain of spinal cord
Meningitis
Pain in the distribution of a nerve
Neuralgia
Located in the space between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane
Subdural
Painful, sudden, spasmodic, involuntary contractions of the facial muscles supplied by the trigeminal nerve
Tic douloureux trigeminal neuralgia
Process of losing the myelin sheath of a nerve fiber
Demyelination
Inflammation of brain cells and tissues
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord
Encephalomyelitis
Period where there is an increase in severity of a disease
Exacerbation
Disorder in which the body makes anti bodies against myelin, disrupting nerve conduction
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Alternately ceasing and beginning again
Intermittent
Change the form or qualities of something
Modify
Abnormal sensation
Paresthesia
Period when there is a lessening or absence of the symptoms of a disease
Remission
Pertaining to muscular atrophy
Amyotrophic
Wasting or diminished volume of a tissue or organ
Atrophy
A squeezing together so as to increase density and/or decrease a dimension of a structure
Compression
Protrusion of an anatomical structure from its normal location
Herniation / hernia / herniate
Disease transmitted by the bite of an infected deer tick
Lyme disease
Inflammation of the spinal cord
Myelitis
To make incapable of movement
Paralyze
Loss of voluntary movement
Paralysis
Pertaining to or suffering from paralysis
Paralytic
Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord, leading to paralysis of the limbs and muscles of respiration
Poliomyelitis / polio
Progressive muscle weakness in a person previously affected by polio
Postpolio syndrome
Degenerative osteoarthritis of the spine
Spondylosis
Abnormal longitudinal cavities in the spinal cord that cause paresthesias and muscle weakness
Syringomyelia
Food poisoning caused by the neurotoxin produced by clostridium botulinum
Botulism
Neurotoxin injected into muscles of the face to prevent the muscles from contracting and causing wrinkles
Botox
Bone and joint destruction secondary to a neuropathy and loss of sensation
Charcot joint
Acute, contagious viral disease
Chicken pox / varicella
Bacterium that causes food poisoning
Clostridium botulinum
Agent that destroys insects
Insecticide
Disorder of fluctuating muscle weakness
Myasthenia Gravis
Any disease of the nervous system
Neuropathy
Disorder affecting a single nerve
Mononeuropathy
Disorder affecting many nerves
Polyneuropathy
Agent that poisons the nervous system
Neurotoxin
Organic phosphorus compound used as an insecticide
Organophosphate
Pain from compression of L5 or S1 nerve roots
Sciatica
Pertaining to the sciatic nerve or sciatica
Sciatic
Born without cerebral hemispheres
Anencephaly
A structural abnormality
Anomaly
Enlarged head due to excess CSF in the cerebral ventricles
Hydrocephalus
Protrusion of the meninges from the spinal cord or brain through a defect in the vertebral column of cranium
Meningocele
Protrusion of the spinal cord and meninges through a defect in the vertebral arch of one or more vertebrae
Meningomyelocele
An abnormally small head
Microcephaly
Failure of one or more vertebral arches to close during fetal development
Spina bifida
Meninges and spinal cord protruding through the absent vertebral arch and having the appearance of a cyst
Spina bifida cystica
The deformity of the vertebral arch is not apparent from the skin surface
Spina bifida occulta
Agent that produces fetal deformities
Teratogen
Capable of producing fetal deformities
Teratogenic
Diagnostic instrument that sends an ultrasonic beam into the body
Doppler
Imaging that defects direction, velocity, and turbulence of blood flow; used in workup of stroke patients
Doppler ultrasonography
Computer generated color image to show directions of blood flow
Color Doppler ultrasonography
Use of ultrasound in the diagnosis of intercranial lesions
Echoencephalography
Record of the electrical activity of the brain and
Eletroencephalogram EEG
Device used to record the electrical activity of the brain
Electroencephalograph
The process of recording the electrical activity of the brain
Electroencephalography
Recording of electrical activity in muscle
Electromyography
Radiography of the spinal cord and nerve roots after injection of contrast medium into the subarachnoid space
Myelography
Procedure to measure the speed at which an electrical impulse travels along a nerve
Nerve conduction study
Pertaining to both nerves and muscles
Neuromuscular
Person with a psychological or physical dependence on a substance or practice
Addict
Habitual psychological and physiologic dependence on a substance or practice
Addiction
Pertaining to or causing addiction
Addictive
An opposing structure agent disease or process
Antagonist
Situation of opposing
Antagonism
Dried flowering leaves of the plant Cannabis sativa
Marijuana
Agent that intensifies sensory perception
Psychedelic
Able to alter mood behavior and or cognition
Psychoactive
Agent that calms nervous excitement
Sedative
State of being calmed
Sedation
Agent the excites or strengthens functional activity
Stimulant
Arousal to increased functional activity
Stimulation
Built up or put together from simpler compounds
Synthetic
The process of building a compound from different elements
Synthesis
The capacity to become accustomed to a stimulus or drug
Tolerance
Agent that calms without sedating or depressing
Tranquilizer
