Chapter 5 - Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
Medical specialist in the field of gastroenterology
A
Gastroenterologist
2
Q
Surgical specialist in diseases of the anus and rectum
A
Proctologist
3
Q
Licensed practitioners in the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the oral-facial complex
A
Dentists
4
Q
Specialist in diseases of the tissues surrounding the Teeth
A
Periodontists
5
Q
Professionals who prevent and treat illness by promoting healthy eating habits
A
Nutritionist
6
Q
Manage food service systems and promote sound eating habits
A
Dietitians
7
Q
Alimentary canal includes
A
Mouth, esophagus, small intestine, pharynx, stomach, large intestine
8
Q
The accessory organs of digestion include
A
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
9
Q
Pertaining to the digestive tract
A
Alimentary
10
Q
Treatment of obesity
A
Bariatric
11
Q
Breakdown of food into elements suitable for cell metabolism
A
Digestion
12
Q
Pertaining to digestion
A
Digestive
13
Q
Tube linking the pharynx and the stomach
A
Esophagus
14
Q
Pertaining to the stomach
A
Gastric
15
Q
Medical specialty of the stomach and intestines
A
Gastroenterology
16
Q
Pertaining to the stomach and intestines
A
Gastrointestinal (GI)
17
Q
The digestive tube from stomach to anus
A
Intestine
18
Q
Examination of the contents of the abdomen using an endoscope
A
Laparoscopy
19
Q
Instrument used for viewing the abdominal contents
A
Laparoscope
20
Q
Pertaining to laparoscopy
A
Laparoscopic
21
Q
A clear fluid collected from tissues and transported by vessels to venous circulation
A
Lymph
22
Q
Pertaining to lymph
A
Lymphatic
23
Q
External opening of a cavity of canal
A
Mouth
24
Q
Surgical procedure to reduce the size of the stomach
A
Roux-en-Y
25
An exact copy or reproduction
Transcript
26
The action of making a copy of dictated material
Transcription
27
One who makes a copy of dictated material
Transcriptionist
28
The selective intake of food into the mouth
Ingestion
29
The mechanical movement of food from the mouth to the anus
Propulsion
30
Breaks down food into small particles
Mastication (Chewing)
31
Swallowing
Deglutition
32
Waves of contraction and relaxation
Peristalsis
33
Move food back and forth in the small intestine to mix food with digestive secretions
Segmental contractions
34
Digest carbohydrates
Amylases
35
Digest fats
Lipids
36
Digest proteins
Professes
37
The movement of nutrient molecules out of the digestive tract and through the epithelial cells lining the tract into the blood of lymph for transportation to body cells
Absorption
38
The process by which the unabsorbed residue of food is removed from the body
Elimination
39
Single mass of a substance
Bolus
40
Pertaining to the nose and stomach
Nasogastric
41
Muscles contained in the cheek
Buccinator
42
Roof of the mouth
Palate
43
The skeletal muscle of the soft palate has a projection called
The uvula
44
Moves food around your mouth and helps the cheeks, lips, and gums hold the food in place while you chew it
Tongue
45
The small, rough, raised areas on the tongue
Papillae
46
Inflammation of the gums
Gingivitis
47
Erosion of an area of skin of mucosa
Ulcer
48
Formation of an ulcer
Ulceration
49
Teeth shaped like a chisel to slice and cut into food
Incisors
50
Teeth with pointed tip for puncturing and tearing
Cuspids
51
Flattened Teeth for grinding and crushing food
Bicuspids and molars
52
Projects above the gym and is covered in Enamel
Crown
53
The hardest substance in the body
Enamel
54
Anchors the tooth to the jaw
Root
55
The bulk of the tooth composed of a substance like bone but harder
Dentin
56
The Dentin surround a central _______ that contains blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue
Pulp cavity
57
The blood vessels and nerves reach this cavity from the jaw through tubular _________
Root canals
58
Functions of saliva
Begin starch digestion with the enzyme amylase
Begin Fat digestion with the enzyme lipase
Prevent the growth of bacteria in the mouth with the enzyme lysozyme and the protective immunoglobulin A
Produce mucus to lubricate food to make it easier to swallow
59
Enzyme that digest the cell walls of bacteria
Lysozyme
60
Parotid gland is the salivary gland beside the ear
Parotid
61
Underneath the tongue
Sublingual
62
Underneath the mandible
Submandibular
63
A collection of micro organisms and their products
Plaque
64
Calcified deposits at the gingival margin of the Teeth
Tartar
65
An erosion of the tooth surface caused by bacteria
Dental caries, tooth decay and cavity formation
66
Occurs when the gums and the jawbone are involved in a disease process
Periodontal disease
67
Infection that causes the gums to pull away from the teeth, forming pockets that become infected
Periodontitis
68
Infection of the gums with a purulent discharge
Pyorrhea
69
Any infection of the mouth
Stomatitis
70
Erosions of the mucous membrane lining in the mouth
Mouth ulcers/canker sores
71
Recurrent ulcers of the lips, lining of the mouth and gums due to infection with the herpes simples type 1
Cold sores/ fever blisters
72
An infection occurring anywhere in the mouth caused by the fungus Candida Albicans
Thrush
73
A white plague seen anywhere in the moth
Leukoplakia
74
Medical term for bad breath
Halitosis
75
A painful burning sensation of the tongue
Glossodynia
76
Congenital fissure in the median line of the palate
Cleft palate
77
Inflammation of the lining of the esophagus
Esophagitis
78
Post prandial burning chest pain
Heartburn
79
Vomiting of blood
Hematemesis
80
Reflux of the stomachs acid contents into the esophagus
Gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD
81
Stomach contents into the mouth
Regurgitation
82
Occurs when a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm alongside the esophagus at the esophageal hiatus
Hiatal hernia
83
Surgical repair of the hernia
Herniorrhaphy
84
Difficulty swallowing
Dysphagia
85
Leaf shaped plate of cartilage that shuts off larynx during swallowing
Epiglottis
86
Air tube from the larynx to the bronchi
Trachea
87
Dilated, tortuous vein
Varix
88
A mixture of semidigested food
Chyme
89
Continues to lubricate food and protects the stomach lining
Mucin
90
Breaks up the connective tissue in food and breaks cell walls of bacteria
Hydrochloric acid HCl
91
Converted by HCl to pepsin, an active enzyme that starts to digest the proteins
Pepsinogen
92
Essential for the absorption of vitamins B12 in the small intestine
Intrinsic factor
93
Stimulate other cells in the gastric mucosa
Chemical messengers
94
Stimulates both the production of HCl and pepsinogen by the stomach cells and the peristaltic contractions of the stomach
Gastrin
95
The first part of the small intestine; approx. 9-10 inches in length
Duodenum
96
The portion of the stomach that lies above the entrance to the esophagus
Fundus
97
Exit area of the stomach proximal to the duodenum
Pylorus
98
Occur in the stomach and duodenum when the balance between the acid gastric juices and the protection of the mucosal lining breaks down
Peptic ulcers
99
Epigastric pain with bloating and nausea
Dyspepsia
100
Peptic ulcers occurring in the stomach
Gastric ulcers
101
Severe lack of appetite or an aversion to food
Anorexia
102
Agent that neutralizes acidity
Antacid
103
Erosion that progresses to become a hole through the wall of a structure
Perforation
104
Agent that blocks production of gastric acid
Proton pump inhibitor PPI
105
Tenth cranial nerve; supplies many different organs throughout the body
Vagus
106
The layer containing the epithelial cells that mine the tract, intestinal glands that secrete the digestive enzymes, and supportive tissue
Mucosa
107
A thick connective tissue layer containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves
Submucosa
108
An inner, circular layer of smooth muscle and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
Muscularis
109
An outermost layer of thing connective tissue and a single layer of epithelial cells
Serosa
110
A moist serous membrane
Peritoneum
111
Lines the wall of the abdominal cavity
Parietal peritoneum
112
covers the external surface of the digestive organs
Visceral peritoneum
113
Makes up 40% of the small intestines length; primary region for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
Jejunum
114
Makes up 55% of the small intensities length
Ileum
115
A sphincter that controls entry into the large intestine
Ileocecal valve
116
The lining of the small intestine is folded into circular folds
Plicae
117
Peristaltic movements of the small intestine have three functions
To mix chyme with intestinal and pancreatic juices and with bile
To churn chyme to make contact with the mucosa for digestion and absorption
To move the residue toward the large intestine
118
Blind pouch that is the first part of the large intestine
Cecum
119
A double layer of peritoneum enclosing the abdominal viscera
Mesentery
120
Membrane that drapes over the intestines
Omentum
121
Hollow, walled, internal organ
Viscus
122
Allergy to gluten
Celiac disease
123
Symptoms are chronic abdominal pain, bloating and either diarrhea or constipation
Irritable bowel syndrome
124
Occurs when a part of the small intestine slides into a neighboring portion of the small intestine
Intussusception
125
A disruption of the normal peristaltic ability of the small intestine
Ileus
126
Parasite that can affect the small intestine
Glardia
127
Fluid secreted by the liver into the duodenum
Bile
128
Steroids synthesized from cholesterol
Bile acids
129
Pertaining to bile of the Billary tract
Billary
130
Bile pigment formed in the liver from hemoglobin
Billrubin
131
Steroid formed in liver cells; the most abundant steroid in tissues, which circulates in the plasma attached to proteins of different densities
Cholesterol
132
Break up into very small droplets to suspend in a solution
Emulsify
133
Hard mass of cholesterol, calcium, and billrubin that can be formed in the gallbladder and bile duct
Gallstone
134
Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
Gluconeogenesis
135
The body's principal carbohydrate reserve, stored in the liver and skeletal muscle
Glycogen
136
Pertaining to the liver
Hepatic
137
Inflammation of the liver
Hepatitis
138
Yellow staining of tissues with bile pigments, including billrubin
Jaundice
139
Body's largest internal organ, located in right upper quadrant of abdomen
Liver
140
Tenderness in the right subcostal area on inspiration, associated with acute cholecystitis
Murphy sign
141
The vein that carries blood from the intestines to the liver
Portal vein
142
A temporary diagnosis pending further examination or testing
Provisional diagnosis
143
Highly contagious and causes a mild to severe infection; transmitted by the fecal-oral route through contaminated food
Hepatitis A virus
144
Transmitted through contact with blood, semen, vaginal fluid, saliva, or a needle prick and through sharing contaminated needles
Hepatitis B virus
145
Transmitted by blood to blood contact; often asymptomatic
Hepatitis C virus
146
Occurs when acute hepatitis is not healed after 6 months
Chronic hepatitis
147
Chronic, irreversible disease, replacing normal liver cells with hard, fibrous scar tissue
Cirrhosis of the liver
148
An accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity
Ascites
149
Caused by the absorption of too much iron, which can lead to liver failure
Hemochromatosis
150
Retention of too much copper in the liver and can also lead to liver failure
Wilson disease
151
Enzymes that are found in liver cells and leak out into the bloodstream when the cells are damaged, enabling liver damage to be diagnosed
Alanine aminotransferase ALT
152
A salt of aspartic acid
Aspartate
153
Stopping the flow of bile
Cholestatic
154
Enzyme that liberated phosphorus
Phosphatase
155
Stores and concentrates the bile that the liver produces on the underside of the liver
Gallbladder
156
The combinations of the cystic duct and the hepatic duct
Common bile duct
157
The system of ducts to get the bile from the liver to the duodenum
Biliary tract
158
Cells in the lining of the duodenum secrete a hormone which causes the gallbladder to contract and force bile into the bile duct and then into the duodenum
Cholecystokinin
159
The removal of one or more gallstones
Cholelithotomy
160
If small stones become impacted in the common bile duct
Choledocholithiasis
161
An acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder
Cholecystitis
162
A result of the blockage of bile between the liver and the duodenum
Obstructive jaundice
163
Results from an accelerated destruction of RBCs such that the liver cannot remove excess bilirubin fast enough
Hemolytic jaundice
164
Occurs when an infection or poison injures the liver cells, preventing the removal of bilirubin from the blood
Hepatocellular jaundice
165
X ray of the bile ducts after injection of ingestion of a contrast medium
Cholangiography
166
Destruction of RBCs so that hemoglobin is liberated
Hemolysis
167
Secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon
Islet cells
168
Stimulates the pancreas to produce large volumes of watery fluid
Secretin
169
Inflammation of the pancreas
Pancreatitis
170
Endocrine insulin production is shit down or severely reduced or its effects are resisted by the body
Diabetes
171
An inherited disease that becomes apparent in infancy or childhood; it affects exocrine glands in multiple body systems
Cystic fibrosis CF
172
Enzyme secreting cells of the pancreas
Acinar cells
173
Enzyme that breaks down protein
Carboxypeptidase
174
A gland that produces an internal or hormonal secretion and secretes it into the looks stream
Endocrine gland
175
A gland that secret outwardly through excretory ducts
Exocrine gland
176
An acid obtained from the hydrolysis of Fat
Fatty acid
177
The basic building block of protein
Amino acids
178
A milky fluid that results from the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine
Chyle
179
A lymphatic vessel carrying chyle away from the intestine
Lacteal
180
Inorganic compound usually found in earths crust
Mineral
181
Group of disease in which intestinal absorption of nutrients is impaired
Malabsorption syndromes
182
Can arise from malabsorption or from insufficient food intake
Malnutrition
183
Occurs when the small intestine is not producing sufficient lactase to break down the milk sugar lactose
Lactose intolerance
184
Inflammation of the small and sometimes large intestine; malabsorption is common
Crohn disease
185
Occurs when fecal movement through the large intestine is slow, causing too much water to be reabsorbed by the large intestine
Constipation
186
A severe form of bacterial gastroenteritis with blood and mucus in frequent, watery stools
Dysentery
187
The junction between the small and large intestine
Ileocecal sphincter
188
Narrow tube with a closed end that projects downward from the cecum
Vermiform appendix
189
Terminal opening of the digestive tract through which feces are discharged
Anus
190
Surgical removal of the appendix
Appendectomy
191
Inflammation of the appendix
Appendicitis
192
The large intestine, extending from the cecum to the rectum
Colon
193
Spasmodic, cramps pains in the abdomen
Colic
194
Inflammation of the colon
Colitis
195
Undigested, waste material discharged from the bowel
Feces
196
Evacuation of feces from the rectum and anus
Defecation
197
Gas or air expelled through the anus
Flatus
198
Excessive amount of gas in the stomach and intestines
Flatulence
199
A bend in a structure
Flexure
200
Mass movement of feces in the colon and the desire to defecate caused by taking food into the stomach
Gastronomic reflex
201
Terminal part of the colon from the sigmoid to the anal canal
Rectum
202
Sigmoid colon is shaped like an S
Sigmoid
203
The presence of small pouches bulging outward through weak spots in the lining of the large intestine
Diverticulosis
204
Pouches that become infected and inflamed
Diverticulitis
205
Extensive inflammation and ulceration of the lining of the large intestine
Ulcerative colitis
206
Masses of tissue arising from the wall of the large intestine that protrude into the bowel lumen
Polyps
207
Dilated veins in the submucosa of the anal canal
Hemorrhoid
208
Tears in the lining of the anal canal
Anal fissures
209
Abscesses in the anal glands
Anal fistulas
210
One third the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus
McBurney point
211
Presence of several polyps
Polyposis
212
Excision or removal of a polyp
Polypectomy
213
Inflammation of the lining of the rectum
Proctitis
214
Coagulate
Form a clot
215
A surgically made union between two tubular structures
Anastomosis
216
The passage of red, bloody stools
Hematochezia
217
The passage of black, tarry stools
Melena
218
Surgery to create an artificial opening into a tubular structure
Ostomy
