Chapter 5 - Digestive System Flashcards
Medical specialist in the field of gastroenterology
Gastroenterologist
Surgical specialist in diseases of the anus and rectum
Proctologist
Licensed practitioners in the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the oral-facial complex
Dentists
Specialist in diseases of the tissues surrounding the Teeth
Periodontists
Professionals who prevent and treat illness by promoting healthy eating habits
Nutritionist
Manage food service systems and promote sound eating habits
Dietitians
Alimentary canal includes
Mouth, esophagus, small intestine, pharynx, stomach, large intestine
The accessory organs of digestion include
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Pertaining to the digestive tract
Alimentary
Treatment of obesity
Bariatric
Breakdown of food into elements suitable for cell metabolism
Digestion
Pertaining to digestion
Digestive
Tube linking the pharynx and the stomach
Esophagus
Pertaining to the stomach
Gastric
Medical specialty of the stomach and intestines
Gastroenterology
Pertaining to the stomach and intestines
Gastrointestinal (GI)
The digestive tube from stomach to anus
Intestine
Examination of the contents of the abdomen using an endoscope
Laparoscopy
Instrument used for viewing the abdominal contents
Laparoscope
Pertaining to laparoscopy
Laparoscopic
A clear fluid collected from tissues and transported by vessels to venous circulation
Lymph
Pertaining to lymph
Lymphatic
External opening of a cavity of canal
Mouth
Surgical procedure to reduce the size of the stomach
Roux-en-Y
An exact copy or reproduction
Transcript
The action of making a copy of dictated material
Transcription
One who makes a copy of dictated material
Transcriptionist
The selective intake of food into the mouth
Ingestion
The mechanical movement of food from the mouth to the anus
Propulsion
Breaks down food into small particles
Mastication (Chewing)
Swallowing
Deglutition
Waves of contraction and relaxation
Peristalsis
Move food back and forth in the small intestine to mix food with digestive secretions
Segmental contractions
Digest carbohydrates
Amylases
Digest fats
Lipids
Digest proteins
Professes
The movement of nutrient molecules out of the digestive tract and through the epithelial cells lining the tract into the blood of lymph for transportation to body cells
Absorption
The process by which the unabsorbed residue of food is removed from the body
Elimination
Single mass of a substance
Bolus
Pertaining to the nose and stomach
Nasogastric
Muscles contained in the cheek
Buccinator
Roof of the mouth
Palate
The skeletal muscle of the soft palate has a projection called
The uvula
Moves food around your mouth and helps the cheeks, lips, and gums hold the food in place while you chew it
Tongue
The small, rough, raised areas on the tongue
Papillae
Inflammation of the gums
Gingivitis
Erosion of an area of skin of mucosa
Ulcer
Formation of an ulcer
Ulceration
Teeth shaped like a chisel to slice and cut into food
Incisors
Teeth with pointed tip for puncturing and tearing
Cuspids
Flattened Teeth for grinding and crushing food
Bicuspids and molars
Projects above the gym and is covered in Enamel
Crown
The hardest substance in the body
Enamel
Anchors the tooth to the jaw
Root
The bulk of the tooth composed of a substance like bone but harder
Dentin
The Dentin surround a central _______ that contains blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue
Pulp cavity
The blood vessels and nerves reach this cavity from the jaw through tubular _________
Root canals
Functions of saliva
Begin starch digestion with the enzyme amylase
Begin Fat digestion with the enzyme lipase
Prevent the growth of bacteria in the mouth with the enzyme lysozyme and the protective immunoglobulin A
Produce mucus to lubricate food to make it easier to swallow
Enzyme that digest the cell walls of bacteria
Lysozyme
Parotid gland is the salivary gland beside the ear
Parotid
Underneath the tongue
Sublingual
Underneath the mandible
Submandibular
A collection of micro organisms and their products
Plaque
Calcified deposits at the gingival margin of the Teeth
Tartar
An erosion of the tooth surface caused by bacteria
Dental caries, tooth decay and cavity formation
Occurs when the gums and the jawbone are involved in a disease process
Periodontal disease
Infection that causes the gums to pull away from the teeth, forming pockets that become infected
Periodontitis
Infection of the gums with a purulent discharge
Pyorrhea
Any infection of the mouth
Stomatitis
Erosions of the mucous membrane lining in the mouth
Mouth ulcers/canker sores
Recurrent ulcers of the lips, lining of the mouth and gums due to infection with the herpes simples type 1
Cold sores/ fever blisters
An infection occurring anywhere in the mouth caused by the fungus Candida Albicans
Thrush
A white plague seen anywhere in the moth
Leukoplakia
Medical term for bad breath
Halitosis
A painful burning sensation of the tongue
Glossodynia
Congenital fissure in the median line of the palate
Cleft palate
Inflammation of the lining of the esophagus
Esophagitis
Post prandial burning chest pain
Heartburn
Vomiting of blood
Hematemesis
Reflux of the stomachs acid contents into the esophagus
Gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD
Stomach contents into the mouth
Regurgitation
Occurs when a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm alongside the esophagus at the esophageal hiatus
Hiatal hernia
Surgical repair of the hernia
Herniorrhaphy
Difficulty swallowing
Dysphagia
Leaf shaped plate of cartilage that shuts off larynx during swallowing
Epiglottis
Air tube from the larynx to the bronchi
Trachea
Dilated, tortuous vein
Varix
A mixture of semidigested food
Chyme
Continues to lubricate food and protects the stomach lining
Mucin
Breaks up the connective tissue in food and breaks cell walls of bacteria
Hydrochloric acid HCl
Converted by HCl to pepsin, an active enzyme that starts to digest the proteins
Pepsinogen
Essential for the absorption of vitamins B12 in the small intestine
Intrinsic factor
Stimulate other cells in the gastric mucosa
Chemical messengers
Stimulates both the production of HCl and pepsinogen by the stomach cells and the peristaltic contractions of the stomach
Gastrin
The first part of the small intestine; approx. 9-10 inches in length
Duodenum
The portion of the stomach that lies above the entrance to the esophagus
Fundus
Exit area of the stomach proximal to the duodenum
Pylorus
Occur in the stomach and duodenum when the balance between the acid gastric juices and the protection of the mucosal lining breaks down
Peptic ulcers
Epigastric pain with bloating and nausea
Dyspepsia
Peptic ulcers occurring in the stomach
Gastric ulcers
Severe lack of appetite or an aversion to food
Anorexia
Agent that neutralizes acidity
Antacid
Erosion that progresses to become a hole through the wall of a structure
Perforation
Agent that blocks production of gastric acid
Proton pump inhibitor PPI
Tenth cranial nerve; supplies many different organs throughout the body
Vagus
The layer containing the epithelial cells that mine the tract, intestinal glands that secrete the digestive enzymes, and supportive tissue
Mucosa
A thick connective tissue layer containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves
Submucosa
An inner, circular layer of smooth muscle and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
Muscularis
An outermost layer of thing connective tissue and a single layer of epithelial cells
Serosa
A moist serous membrane
Peritoneum
Lines the wall of the abdominal cavity
Parietal peritoneum
covers the external surface of the digestive organs
Visceral peritoneum
Makes up 40% of the small intestines length; primary region for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
Jejunum
Makes up 55% of the small intensities length
Ileum
A sphincter that controls entry into the large intestine
Ileocecal valve
The lining of the small intestine is folded into circular folds
Plicae
Peristaltic movements of the small intestine have three functions
To mix chyme with intestinal and pancreatic juices and with bile
To churn chyme to make contact with the mucosa for digestion and absorption
To move the residue toward the large intestine
Blind pouch that is the first part of the large intestine
Cecum
A double layer of peritoneum enclosing the abdominal viscera
Mesentery
Membrane that drapes over the intestines
Omentum
Hollow, walled, internal organ
Viscus
Allergy to gluten
Celiac disease
Symptoms are chronic abdominal pain, bloating and either diarrhea or constipation
Irritable bowel syndrome
Occurs when a part of the small intestine slides into a neighboring portion of the small intestine
Intussusception
A disruption of the normal peristaltic ability of the small intestine
Ileus
Parasite that can affect the small intestine
Glardia
Fluid secreted by the liver into the duodenum
Bile
Steroids synthesized from cholesterol
Bile acids
Pertaining to bile of the Billary tract
Billary
Bile pigment formed in the liver from hemoglobin
Billrubin
Steroid formed in liver cells; the most abundant steroid in tissues, which circulates in the plasma attached to proteins of different densities
Cholesterol
Break up into very small droplets to suspend in a solution
Emulsify
Hard mass of cholesterol, calcium, and billrubin that can be formed in the gallbladder and bile duct
Gallstone
Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
Gluconeogenesis
The body’s principal carbohydrate reserve, stored in the liver and skeletal muscle
Glycogen
Pertaining to the liver
Hepatic
Inflammation of the liver
Hepatitis
Yellow staining of tissues with bile pigments, including billrubin
Jaundice
Body’s largest internal organ, located in right upper quadrant of abdomen
Liver
Tenderness in the right subcostal area on inspiration, associated with acute cholecystitis
Murphy sign
The vein that carries blood from the intestines to the liver
Portal vein
A temporary diagnosis pending further examination or testing
Provisional diagnosis
Highly contagious and causes a mild to severe infection; transmitted by the fecal-oral route through contaminated food
Hepatitis A virus
Transmitted through contact with blood, semen, vaginal fluid, saliva, or a needle prick and through sharing contaminated needles
Hepatitis B virus
Transmitted by blood to blood contact; often asymptomatic
Hepatitis C virus
Occurs when acute hepatitis is not healed after 6 months
Chronic hepatitis
Chronic, irreversible disease, replacing normal liver cells with hard, fibrous scar tissue
Cirrhosis of the liver
An accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity
Ascites
Caused by the absorption of too much iron, which can lead to liver failure
Hemochromatosis
Retention of too much copper in the liver and can also lead to liver failure
Wilson disease
Enzymes that are found in liver cells and leak out into the bloodstream when the cells are damaged, enabling liver damage to be diagnosed
Alanine aminotransferase ALT
A salt of aspartic acid
Aspartate
Stopping the flow of bile
Cholestatic
Enzyme that liberated phosphorus
Phosphatase
Stores and concentrates the bile that the liver produces on the underside of the liver
Gallbladder
The combinations of the cystic duct and the hepatic duct
Common bile duct
The system of ducts to get the bile from the liver to the duodenum
Biliary tract
Cells in the lining of the duodenum secrete a hormone which causes the gallbladder to contract and force bile into the bile duct and then into the duodenum
Cholecystokinin
The removal of one or more gallstones
Cholelithotomy
If small stones become impacted in the common bile duct
Choledocholithiasis
An acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder
Cholecystitis
A result of the blockage of bile between the liver and the duodenum
Obstructive jaundice
Results from an accelerated destruction of RBCs such that the liver cannot remove excess bilirubin fast enough
Hemolytic jaundice
Occurs when an infection or poison injures the liver cells, preventing the removal of bilirubin from the blood
Hepatocellular jaundice
X ray of the bile ducts after injection of ingestion of a contrast medium
Cholangiography
Destruction of RBCs so that hemoglobin is liberated
Hemolysis
Secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon
Islet cells
Stimulates the pancreas to produce large volumes of watery fluid
Secretin
Inflammation of the pancreas
Pancreatitis
Endocrine insulin production is shit down or severely reduced or its effects are resisted by the body
Diabetes
An inherited disease that becomes apparent in infancy or childhood; it affects exocrine glands in multiple body systems
Cystic fibrosis CF
Enzyme secreting cells of the pancreas
Acinar cells
Enzyme that breaks down protein
Carboxypeptidase
A gland that produces an internal or hormonal secretion and secretes it into the looks stream
Endocrine gland
A gland that secret outwardly through excretory ducts
Exocrine gland
An acid obtained from the hydrolysis of Fat
Fatty acid
The basic building block of protein
Amino acids
A milky fluid that results from the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine
Chyle
A lymphatic vessel carrying chyle away from the intestine
Lacteal
Inorganic compound usually found in earths crust
Mineral
Group of disease in which intestinal absorption of nutrients is impaired
Malabsorption syndromes
Can arise from malabsorption or from insufficient food intake
Malnutrition
Occurs when the small intestine is not producing sufficient lactase to break down the milk sugar lactose
Lactose intolerance
Inflammation of the small and sometimes large intestine; malabsorption is common
Crohn disease
Occurs when fecal movement through the large intestine is slow, causing too much water to be reabsorbed by the large intestine
Constipation
A severe form of bacterial gastroenteritis with blood and mucus in frequent, watery stools
Dysentery
The junction between the small and large intestine
Ileocecal sphincter
Narrow tube with a closed end that projects downward from the cecum
Vermiform appendix
Terminal opening of the digestive tract through which feces are discharged
Anus
Surgical removal of the appendix
Appendectomy
Inflammation of the appendix
Appendicitis
The large intestine, extending from the cecum to the rectum
Colon
Spasmodic, cramps pains in the abdomen
Colic
Inflammation of the colon
Colitis
Undigested, waste material discharged from the bowel
Feces
Evacuation of feces from the rectum and anus
Defecation
Gas or air expelled through the anus
Flatus
Excessive amount of gas in the stomach and intestines
Flatulence
A bend in a structure
Flexure
Mass movement of feces in the colon and the desire to defecate caused by taking food into the stomach
Gastronomic reflex
Terminal part of the colon from the sigmoid to the anal canal
Rectum
Sigmoid colon is shaped like an S
Sigmoid
The presence of small pouches bulging outward through weak spots in the lining of the large intestine
Diverticulosis
Pouches that become infected and inflamed
Diverticulitis
Extensive inflammation and ulceration of the lining of the large intestine
Ulcerative colitis
Masses of tissue arising from the wall of the large intestine that protrude into the bowel lumen
Polyps
Dilated veins in the submucosa of the anal canal
Hemorrhoid
Tears in the lining of the anal canal
Anal fissures
Abscesses in the anal glands
Anal fistulas
One third the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus
McBurney point
Presence of several polyps
Polyposis
Excision or removal of a polyp
Polypectomy
Inflammation of the lining of the rectum
Proctitis
Coagulate
Form a clot
A surgically made union between two tubular structures
Anastomosis
The passage of red, bloody stools
Hematochezia
The passage of black, tarry stools
Melena
Surgery to create an artificial opening into a tubular structure
Ostomy
