Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Terminology > Chapter 5 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Digestive System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Medical specialist in the field of gastroenterology

A

Gastroenterologist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Surgical specialist in diseases of the anus and rectum

A

Proctologist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Licensed practitioners in the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the oral-facial complex

A

Dentists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Specialist in diseases of the tissues surrounding the Teeth

A

Periodontists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Professionals who prevent and treat illness by promoting healthy eating habits

A

Nutritionist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Manage food service systems and promote sound eating habits

A

Dietitians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Alimentary canal includes

A

Mouth, esophagus, small intestine, pharynx, stomach, large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The accessory organs of digestion include

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pertaining to the digestive tract

A

Alimentary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Treatment of obesity

A

Bariatric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Breakdown of food into elements suitable for cell metabolism

A

Digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pertaining to digestion

A

Digestive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Tube linking the pharynx and the stomach

A

Esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pertaining to the stomach

A

Gastric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Medical specialty of the stomach and intestines

A

Gastroenterology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pertaining to the stomach and intestines

A

Gastrointestinal (GI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The digestive tube from stomach to anus

A

Intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Examination of the contents of the abdomen using an endoscope

A

Laparoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Instrument used for viewing the abdominal contents

A

Laparoscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pertaining to laparoscopy

A

Laparoscopic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A clear fluid collected from tissues and transported by vessels to venous circulation

A

Lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pertaining to lymph

A

Lymphatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

External opening of a cavity of canal

A

Mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Surgical procedure to reduce the size of the stomach

A

Roux-en-Y

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

An exact copy or reproduction

A

Transcript

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The action of making a copy of dictated material

A

Transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

One who makes a copy of dictated material

A

Transcriptionist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The selective intake of food into the mouth

A

Ingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The mechanical movement of food from the mouth to the anus

A

Propulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Breaks down food into small particles

A

Mastication (Chewing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Swallowing

A

Deglutition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Waves of contraction and relaxation

A

Peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Move food back and forth in the small intestine to mix food with digestive secretions

A

Segmental contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Digest carbohydrates

A

Amylases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Digest fats

A

Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Digest proteins

A

Professes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The movement of nutrient molecules out of the digestive tract and through the epithelial cells lining the tract into the blood of lymph for transportation to body cells

A

Absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The process by which the unabsorbed residue of food is removed from the body

A

Elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Single mass of a substance

A

Bolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Pertaining to the nose and stomach

A

Nasogastric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Muscles contained in the cheek

A

Buccinator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Roof of the mouth

A

Palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The skeletal muscle of the soft palate has a projection called

A

The uvula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Moves food around your mouth and helps the cheeks, lips, and gums hold the food in place while you chew it

A

Tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The small, rough, raised areas on the tongue

A

Papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Inflammation of the gums

A

Gingivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Erosion of an area of skin of mucosa

A

Ulcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Formation of an ulcer

A

Ulceration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Teeth shaped like a chisel to slice and cut into food

A

Incisors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Teeth with pointed tip for puncturing and tearing

A

Cuspids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Flattened Teeth for grinding and crushing food

A

Bicuspids and molars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Projects above the gym and is covered in Enamel

A

Crown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

The hardest substance in the body

A

Enamel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Anchors the tooth to the jaw

A

Root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

The bulk of the tooth composed of a substance like bone but harder

A

Dentin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

The Dentin surround a central _______ that contains blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue

A

Pulp cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

The blood vessels and nerves reach this cavity from the jaw through tubular _________

A

Root canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Functions of saliva

A

Begin starch digestion with the enzyme amylase

Begin Fat digestion with the enzyme lipase

Prevent the growth of bacteria in the mouth with the enzyme lysozyme and the protective immunoglobulin A

Produce mucus to lubricate food to make it easier to swallow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Enzyme that digest the cell walls of bacteria

A

Lysozyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Parotid gland is the salivary gland beside the ear

A

Parotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Underneath the tongue

A

Sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Underneath the mandible

A

Submandibular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

A collection of micro organisms and their products

A

Plaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Calcified deposits at the gingival margin of the Teeth

A

Tartar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

An erosion of the tooth surface caused by bacteria

A

Dental caries, tooth decay and cavity formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Occurs when the gums and the jawbone are involved in a disease process

A

Periodontal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Infection that causes the gums to pull away from the teeth, forming pockets that become infected

A

Periodontitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Infection of the gums with a purulent discharge

A

Pyorrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Any infection of the mouth

A

Stomatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Erosions of the mucous membrane lining in the mouth

A

Mouth ulcers/canker sores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Recurrent ulcers of the lips, lining of the mouth and gums due to infection with the herpes simples type 1

A

Cold sores/ fever blisters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

An infection occurring anywhere in the mouth caused by the fungus Candida Albicans

A

Thrush

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

A white plague seen anywhere in the moth

A

Leukoplakia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Medical term for bad breath

A

Halitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

A painful burning sensation of the tongue

A

Glossodynia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Congenital fissure in the median line of the palate

A

Cleft palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Inflammation of the lining of the esophagus

A

Esophagitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Post prandial burning chest pain

A

Heartburn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Vomiting of blood

A

Hematemesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Reflux of the stomachs acid contents into the esophagus

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Stomach contents into the mouth

A

Regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Occurs when a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm alongside the esophagus at the esophageal hiatus

A

Hiatal hernia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Surgical repair of the hernia

A

Herniorrhaphy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Difficulty swallowing

A

Dysphagia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Leaf shaped plate of cartilage that shuts off larynx during swallowing

A

Epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Air tube from the larynx to the bronchi

A

Trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Dilated, tortuous vein

A

Varix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

A mixture of semidigested food

A

Chyme

89
Q

Continues to lubricate food and protects the stomach lining

A

Mucin

90
Q

Breaks up the connective tissue in food and breaks cell walls of bacteria

A

Hydrochloric acid HCl

91
Q

Converted by HCl to pepsin, an active enzyme that starts to digest the proteins

A

Pepsinogen

92
Q

Essential for the absorption of vitamins B12 in the small intestine

A

Intrinsic factor

93
Q

Stimulate other cells in the gastric mucosa

A

Chemical messengers

94
Q

Stimulates both the production of HCl and pepsinogen by the stomach cells and the peristaltic contractions of the stomach

A

Gastrin

95
Q

The first part of the small intestine; approx. 9-10 inches in length

A

Duodenum

96
Q

The portion of the stomach that lies above the entrance to the esophagus

A

Fundus

97
Q

Exit area of the stomach proximal to the duodenum

A

Pylorus

98
Q

Occur in the stomach and duodenum when the balance between the acid gastric juices and the protection of the mucosal lining breaks down

A

Peptic ulcers

99
Q

Epigastric pain with bloating and nausea

A

Dyspepsia

100
Q

Peptic ulcers occurring in the stomach

A

Gastric ulcers

101
Q

Severe lack of appetite or an aversion to food

A

Anorexia

102
Q

Agent that neutralizes acidity

A

Antacid

103
Q

Erosion that progresses to become a hole through the wall of a structure

A

Perforation

104
Q

Agent that blocks production of gastric acid

A

Proton pump inhibitor PPI

105
Q

Tenth cranial nerve; supplies many different organs throughout the body

A

Vagus

106
Q

The layer containing the epithelial cells that mine the tract, intestinal glands that secrete the digestive enzymes, and supportive tissue

A

Mucosa

107
Q

A thick connective tissue layer containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves

A

Submucosa

108
Q

An inner, circular layer of smooth muscle and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

A

Muscularis

109
Q

An outermost layer of thing connective tissue and a single layer of epithelial cells

A

Serosa

110
Q

A moist serous membrane

A

Peritoneum

111
Q

Lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

A

Parietal peritoneum

112
Q

covers the external surface of the digestive organs

A

Visceral peritoneum

113
Q

Makes up 40% of the small intestines length; primary region for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

A

Jejunum

114
Q

Makes up 55% of the small intensities length

A

Ileum

115
Q

A sphincter that controls entry into the large intestine

A

Ileocecal valve

116
Q

The lining of the small intestine is folded into circular folds

A

Plicae

117
Q

Peristaltic movements of the small intestine have three functions

A

To mix chyme with intestinal and pancreatic juices and with bile

To churn chyme to make contact with the mucosa for digestion and absorption

To move the residue toward the large intestine

118
Q

Blind pouch that is the first part of the large intestine

A

Cecum

119
Q

A double layer of peritoneum enclosing the abdominal viscera

A

Mesentery

120
Q

Membrane that drapes over the intestines

A

Omentum

121
Q

Hollow, walled, internal organ

A

Viscus

122
Q

Allergy to gluten

A

Celiac disease

123
Q

Symptoms are chronic abdominal pain, bloating and either diarrhea or constipation

A

Irritable bowel syndrome

124
Q

Occurs when a part of the small intestine slides into a neighboring portion of the small intestine

A

Intussusception

125
Q

A disruption of the normal peristaltic ability of the small intestine

A

Ileus

126
Q

Parasite that can affect the small intestine

A

Glardia

127
Q

Fluid secreted by the liver into the duodenum

A

Bile

128
Q

Steroids synthesized from cholesterol

A

Bile acids

129
Q

Pertaining to bile of the Billary tract

A

Billary

130
Q

Bile pigment formed in the liver from hemoglobin

A

Billrubin

131
Q

Steroid formed in liver cells; the most abundant steroid in tissues, which circulates in the plasma attached to proteins of different densities

A

Cholesterol

132
Q

Break up into very small droplets to suspend in a solution

A

Emulsify

133
Q

Hard mass of cholesterol, calcium, and billrubin that can be formed in the gallbladder and bile duct

A

Gallstone

134
Q

Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

A

Gluconeogenesis

135
Q

The body’s principal carbohydrate reserve, stored in the liver and skeletal muscle

A

Glycogen

136
Q

Pertaining to the liver

A

Hepatic

137
Q

Inflammation of the liver

A

Hepatitis

138
Q

Yellow staining of tissues with bile pigments, including billrubin

A

Jaundice

139
Q

Body’s largest internal organ, located in right upper quadrant of abdomen

A

Liver

140
Q

Tenderness in the right subcostal area on inspiration, associated with acute cholecystitis

A

Murphy sign

141
Q

The vein that carries blood from the intestines to the liver

A

Portal vein

142
Q

A temporary diagnosis pending further examination or testing

A

Provisional diagnosis

143
Q

Highly contagious and causes a mild to severe infection; transmitted by the fecal-oral route through contaminated food

A

Hepatitis A virus

144
Q

Transmitted through contact with blood, semen, vaginal fluid, saliva, or a needle prick and through sharing contaminated needles

A

Hepatitis B virus

145
Q

Transmitted by blood to blood contact; often asymptomatic

A

Hepatitis C virus

146
Q

Occurs when acute hepatitis is not healed after 6 months

A

Chronic hepatitis

147
Q

Chronic, irreversible disease, replacing normal liver cells with hard, fibrous scar tissue

A

Cirrhosis of the liver

148
Q

An accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity

A

Ascites

149
Q

Caused by the absorption of too much iron, which can lead to liver failure

A

Hemochromatosis

150
Q

Retention of too much copper in the liver and can also lead to liver failure

A

Wilson disease

151
Q

Enzymes that are found in liver cells and leak out into the bloodstream when the cells are damaged, enabling liver damage to be diagnosed

A

Alanine aminotransferase ALT

152
Q

A salt of aspartic acid

A

Aspartate

153
Q

Stopping the flow of bile

A

Cholestatic

154
Q

Enzyme that liberated phosphorus

A

Phosphatase

155
Q

Stores and concentrates the bile that the liver produces on the underside of the liver

A

Gallbladder

156
Q

The combinations of the cystic duct and the hepatic duct

A

Common bile duct

157
Q

The system of ducts to get the bile from the liver to the duodenum

A

Biliary tract

158
Q

Cells in the lining of the duodenum secrete a hormone which causes the gallbladder to contract and force bile into the bile duct and then into the duodenum

A

Cholecystokinin

159
Q

The removal of one or more gallstones

A

Cholelithotomy

160
Q

If small stones become impacted in the common bile duct

A

Choledocholithiasis

161
Q

An acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder

A

Cholecystitis

162
Q

A result of the blockage of bile between the liver and the duodenum

A

Obstructive jaundice

163
Q

Results from an accelerated destruction of RBCs such that the liver cannot remove excess bilirubin fast enough

A

Hemolytic jaundice

164
Q

Occurs when an infection or poison injures the liver cells, preventing the removal of bilirubin from the blood

A

Hepatocellular jaundice

165
Q

X ray of the bile ducts after injection of ingestion of a contrast medium

A

Cholangiography

166
Q

Destruction of RBCs so that hemoglobin is liberated

A

Hemolysis

167
Q

Secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon

A

Islet cells

168
Q

Stimulates the pancreas to produce large volumes of watery fluid

A

Secretin

169
Q

Inflammation of the pancreas

A

Pancreatitis

170
Q

Endocrine insulin production is shit down or severely reduced or its effects are resisted by the body

A

Diabetes

171
Q

An inherited disease that becomes apparent in infancy or childhood; it affects exocrine glands in multiple body systems

A

Cystic fibrosis CF

172
Q

Enzyme secreting cells of the pancreas

A

Acinar cells

173
Q

Enzyme that breaks down protein

A

Carboxypeptidase

174
Q

A gland that produces an internal or hormonal secretion and secretes it into the looks stream

A

Endocrine gland

175
Q

A gland that secret outwardly through excretory ducts

A

Exocrine gland

176
Q

An acid obtained from the hydrolysis of Fat

A

Fatty acid

177
Q

The basic building block of protein

A

Amino acids

178
Q

A milky fluid that results from the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine

A

Chyle

179
Q

A lymphatic vessel carrying chyle away from the intestine

A

Lacteal

180
Q

Inorganic compound usually found in earths crust

A

Mineral

181
Q

Group of disease in which intestinal absorption of nutrients is impaired

A

Malabsorption syndromes

182
Q

Can arise from malabsorption or from insufficient food intake

A

Malnutrition

183
Q

Occurs when the small intestine is not producing sufficient lactase to break down the milk sugar lactose

A

Lactose intolerance

184
Q

Inflammation of the small and sometimes large intestine; malabsorption is common

A

Crohn disease

185
Q

Occurs when fecal movement through the large intestine is slow, causing too much water to be reabsorbed by the large intestine

A

Constipation

186
Q

A severe form of bacterial gastroenteritis with blood and mucus in frequent, watery stools

A

Dysentery

187
Q

The junction between the small and large intestine

A

Ileocecal sphincter

188
Q

Narrow tube with a closed end that projects downward from the cecum

A

Vermiform appendix

189
Q

Terminal opening of the digestive tract through which feces are discharged

A

Anus

190
Q

Surgical removal of the appendix

A

Appendectomy

191
Q

Inflammation of the appendix

A

Appendicitis

192
Q

The large intestine, extending from the cecum to the rectum

A

Colon

193
Q

Spasmodic, cramps pains in the abdomen

A

Colic

194
Q

Inflammation of the colon

A

Colitis

195
Q

Undigested, waste material discharged from the bowel

A

Feces

196
Q

Evacuation of feces from the rectum and anus

A

Defecation

197
Q

Gas or air expelled through the anus

A

Flatus

198
Q

Excessive amount of gas in the stomach and intestines

A

Flatulence

199
Q

A bend in a structure

A

Flexure

200
Q

Mass movement of feces in the colon and the desire to defecate caused by taking food into the stomach

A

Gastronomic reflex

201
Q

Terminal part of the colon from the sigmoid to the anal canal

A

Rectum

202
Q

Sigmoid colon is shaped like an S

A

Sigmoid

203
Q

The presence of small pouches bulging outward through weak spots in the lining of the large intestine

A

Diverticulosis

204
Q

Pouches that become infected and inflamed

A

Diverticulitis

205
Q

Extensive inflammation and ulceration of the lining of the large intestine

A

Ulcerative colitis

206
Q

Masses of tissue arising from the wall of the large intestine that protrude into the bowel lumen

A

Polyps

207
Q

Dilated veins in the submucosa of the anal canal

A

Hemorrhoid

208
Q

Tears in the lining of the anal canal

A

Anal fissures

209
Q

Abscesses in the anal glands

A

Anal fistulas

210
Q

One third the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus

A

McBurney point

211
Q

Presence of several polyps

A

Polyposis

212
Q

Excision or removal of a polyp

A

Polypectomy

213
Q

Inflammation of the lining of the rectum

A

Proctitis

214
Q

Coagulate

A

Form a clot

215
Q

A surgically made union between two tubular structures

A

Anastomosis

216
Q

The passage of red, bloody stools

A

Hematochezia

217
Q

The passage of black, tarry stools

A

Melena

218
Q

Surgery to create an artificial opening into a tubular structure

A

Ostomy

Medical Terminology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions