Chapter 14 - Muscoskeletal System Flashcards
Nonvascular, firm connective tissue found mostly in joints
Cartilage
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system
Chiropractic
Practitioner of chiropractic
Chiropractor
Removal of poison from a tissue or substance
Detoxification
Band of fibrous tissue connection two structures
Ligament
Tissue consisting of contractile cells
Muscle
Pertaining to the muscles and the bony skeleton
Musculoskeletal
Pertaining to the correction and cure of deformities and diseases of the musculoskeletal system
Orthopedic
Specialist in orthopedics
Orthopedist
Practitioner of osteopathy
Osteopath
Medical practice based on maintaining the structural integrity of the musculoskeletal system
Osteopathy
The study of medical imaging
Radiology
Medical specialist in the use of x rays and other imaging techniques
Radiologist
Fibrous band that connects muscle to bone
Tendon
Outer portion of an organ
Cortex
The shaft of a long bone
Diaphysis
A membrane of tissue lining the inner cavity of a long bone
Endosteum
Expanded area at the proximal and distal ends of a long bone that provides increased surface area for attachment of ligaments and tendons
Epiphysis
Layer of cartilage between epiphysis and metaphysics where bone growth occurs
Epiphysis plate
Vascular canals in bone
Haversian canals
Small space or cavity within the matrix of bone
Lacuna
Fatty, blood-forming tissue in the cavities of long bones
Marrow
Substance that surrounds cells, is manufactured by cells, and holds them together
Matrix
Central portion of a structure surround by cortex
Medulla
Region between the diaphysis and the epiphysis where bone growth occurs
Metaphysis
Bone forming cell
Osteoblast
Bone removing cell
Osteoclast
Bone maintaining cell
Osteocyte
Creation of new bone
Osteogenesis
Relating to the creation of new bone
Relating to the creation of new bone
Condition in which the bones become more porous, brittle, and fragile and are more likely to fracture
Osteoporosis
Strong membrane surrounding a bone
Peristeum
Pertaining to the peristeum
Periosteal
One of two bony prominences near the head of the femur
Trochanter
Condition with abnormal conversion of cartilage into bone, leading to dwarfism
Achondroplasia
Within the womb
In utero
Inherited condition in which bone formation is incomplete, leading to fragile, easily broken bones
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Soft, flexible bones lacking in calcium
Osteomalacia
Inflammation of bone tissue
Osteomyelitis
Decreased calcification of bone
Osteopenia
Loss of substance
Resorption
Disease in children due to vitamin D deficiency, producing soft, flexible bones
Rickets
A malignant tumor originating in connective tissue
Sarcoma
Malignant tumor originating in bone producing cells
Osteogenic sarcoma
A state of being in the correct position in relation to other structures
Alignment
The mass of fibrous connective tissue that forms at a fracture site and becomes the foundation for the formation of new bone
Callus
Bone that has a spongy or lattice like structure
Cancellous
Collection of blood that has escaped from the blood vessels into tissue
Hematoma
Condition in which the two bony ends of a fracture fail to heal together correctly
Malunion
Total failure of healing of a fracture
Nonunion
The restoration of a structure to its normal position
Reduction
A pulling of dragging force
Traction
A bone is broken but the skin over it is intact
Closed fracture
A fracture in which the bone is broken into pieces
Comminuted fracture
A bone is fractured into two separate pieces
Complete fracture
Fracture of a vertebra causing loss of height of the vertebra
Compression fracture
A fracture in which the fragments are separated and are not in alignment
Displaced fracture
A fracture in which one side of the bone is partially broken and the other side is bent
Green stick fracture
A fracture without separation of fragments
Hairline fracture
A fracture in which one bone fragment is driven into the other
Impacted fracture
A fracture that does not extend across the bone
Incomplete fracture
A fracture running parallel to the length of the bone
Linear fracture
A diagonal fracture across the long axis of the bone
Oblique fracture
The skin over the fracture is broken
Open fracture
Fracture occurring at the site already weakened by a disease process, such as cancer
Pathologic fracture
A fracture in the shape of a coil
Spiral fracture
A fracture perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
Transverse fracture
A joint
Articulation
Pertaining to a joint
Articulate
A closed sac containing synovial fluid
Bursa
Cartilage containing collagen fibers
Fibrocartilage
Joint formed by a peg and socket
Gomphosis
Cartilage that looks like frosted glass and contains fine collagen fibers
Hyaline
Disc of connective tissue cartilage between the bones of a joint
Meniscus
Place where two bones are joined together by a fibrous band continuous with their periosteum
Suture
Two bones joined by fibrocartilage
Symphysis
A rigid articulation formed by cartilage
Synchondrosis
An articulation formed by ligaments
Syndesmosis
Pertaining to synovial fluid and synovial membrane
Synovial
Action of moving away from the midline
Abduction
Action of moving towards the midline
Adduction
Movement of an extremity in a circular motion
Circumduction
Vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions
Coronal plane
A turning outward
Eversion
When a joint is straightened to increase its angle
Extension
When a joint is bent to decrease its angle
Flexion
A turning inward
Inversion
Lying facedown
Prone
Lying face up
Supine
Fixation or stiffening of a joint by surgery
Arthrodesis
X ray of a joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium into the joint
Arthrography
Surgery to restore as far as possible the function of a joint
Arthroplasty
Visual examination of the interior of a joint
Arthroscopy
Endoscope used to examine the interior of a joint
Arthroscope
Inflammation of a bursa
Bursitis
Relating to the deterioration of a structure
Degenerative
A turning aside from a normal course
Deviation
Pertaining to the joints between two phalanges
Interphalangeal
Pertaining to the joints between the metacarpal bones and phalanges
Metacarpophalangeal
Chronic inflammation disease of the joints with pain and loss of function
Osteoarthritis
Disease of connective tissue, with arthritis as a major manifestation
Rheumatoid arthritis
The medial and larger bone of the forearm
Ulna
Pertaining to the ulna
Ulnar
The wasting away or finished volume of tissue, an organ, or a body part
Atrophy
Draw together or shorten
Contract
Sheet of fibrous connective tissue
Fascia
Bundle of muscle fibers
Fascicles
Increase in size, but not number, of an individual tissue element
Hypertrophy
Pain in several muscle groups with systemic symptoms
Polymyalgia rheumatica
A synthetic corticosteroid
Prednisone
Stripes
Striation
Another term for skeletal muscle
Striated muscle
Tension present in resting muscles
Tone
Another term for skeletal muscles
Voluntary muscles
A condition with symmetrical weakness and wasting of pelvis, shoulder, and proximal limb muscles
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Pain in the muscle fibers
Fibromyalgia
Protein of muscle that stores and transports oxygen
Myoglobin
Destruction of muscle to produce myoglobin
Rhabdomyolosis
A wrench or tear in a ligament
Sprain
Overstretch of tear in a muscle or tendon
Strain
Inflammation of a tendon
Tendinitis
Inflammation of a tendon and its surrounding synovial sheath
Tenosynovitis
Surgical removal of the thymus gland
Thymectomy
Pertaining to the neck region
Cervical
Small tailbone at the lowest end of the vertebral Column
Coccyx
An opening through a structure
Foramen
Protrusion of an anatomical structure from its normal position
Herniation
Located between two vertebrae
Intervertebral
A normal posterior curve of the thoracic spine that can be exaggerated in disease
Kyphosis
An exaggerated forward curvature of the lumbar spine
Lordosis
Relating to the region in the back and sides between the ribs and pelvis
Lumbar
Segment of the vertebral column that forms part of the pelvis
Sacrum
An abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column
Scoliosis
Vertebral column
Spine
The part of the trunk between the abdomen and neck
Thorax
One of the bones of the spinal column
Vertebra
Symptoms caused by sudden, uncontrolled extension and flexion of the neck
Whiplash
Shell shaped bone on medical wall of nasal cavity
Concha
The upper part of the skull that encloses and protects the Bain
Cranium
Pertaining to the skull
Cranial
Bone that forms the back of the nose and enclosed numerous air cells
Ethmoid
Lower jawbone
Mandible
Pertaining to the mandible
Mandibular
Muscle that closes the mouth
Masseter
Upper jaw bone, containing right and left maxillary sinuses
Maxilla
The back of the skull
Occipital
Bone that forms the hard palate and parts of the nose and orbits
Palatine
The two bones forming the sidewalls and roof of the cranium
Parietal
Pterygold muscle are two wing-shaped muscles that open and close the mouth
Pterygold
Wedge shaped bone at the base of the skull
Sphenoid
Bone that forms part of the base and sides of the skull
Temporal
Muscles attached to temporal bone that opens and closes the jaw
Temporalis muscle
The joint between the temporal bone and the mandible
Temporomandibular joint TMJ
Lower nasal septum
Vomer
Bone that forms the prominence of the cheek
Zygoma
Lateral end of the scapula, extending over the shoulder joint
Acromion
Pertaining to the joint between the acromion and the clavicle
Acromioclavicle
Curved bone that forms the anterior part of the pectoral girdle
Clavicle
The state of being completely out of joint
Dislocation
Single bone of the upper arm
Humerus
Pertaining to the chest
Pectoral
Incomplete bony ring that attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton
Pectoral girdle
Part of the capsule of the shoulder joint
Rotator cuff
Shoulder blade
Scapula
Pertaining to the shoulder blade
Scapular
A shoulder separation is a dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint
Separation
An incomplete dislocation in which some contact between the joint surfaces remain
Subluxation
A muscle of the upper arm that has two heads or points of origin on the scapula
Biceps brachii
Muscle that lies underneath the biceps and is the strongest flexor of the forearm
Brachialis
Muscle that helps flex the forearm
Brachioradialis
Large, fan shaped muscle connecting the scapula and clavicle to the humerus
Deltoid
Projection above the condyle for attachment of a ligament or tendon
Epicondyle
The insertion of a muscle is the attachment of a muscle to a more movable part of the skeleton
Insertion
The widest muscle in the back
Latissimus dorsi
Fixed source of a muscle at its attachment to bone
Origin
The forearm bone on the thumb side
Radius
Muscle of the arm that has three heads or points of origin
Triceps brachii
Collective term for the right carpal bones of the wrist
Carpus
Pertaining to the wrist
Carpal
Fracture of the distal radius at the wrist
Colles fracture
Pertaining to a workplace tool or equipment designed to prevent worker injury and discomfort
Ergonomic
Sheet of fibrous connective tissue
Fascia
An incision through a band of fascia, usually to relieve pressure on underlying structures
Fasciotomy
Surgical removal of fascia
Fasciectomy
Fluid containing swelling attached to the synovial sheath of a tendon
Ganglion
Rotate the forearm so that the surface of the palm faces posteriorly in the anatomical position
Pronate
Fibrous ligament that keeps the tendons in place in the wrist so they do not bowstring when the forearm muscle contracts
Retinaculum
Rotate the forearm so that the surface of the palm faces anteriorly in the anatomical position
Supinate
Upper, posterior, or back surface
Dorsum / dorsal
A higher place or part
Eminence
Fleshy eminence at the base of the little finger
Hypothenar
A structure between bones
Interosseous
The five bones between the corpus and the fingers
Metacarpal
The movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand to touch the tips of other fingers
Opposition
The flat anterior surface of the hand
Palm
A bone of a finger or toe
Phalanx
The thenar eminence is the fleshy mass at the base of the thumb
Thenar
Muscle shortening due to spasm or fibrosis
Contracture
A permanent structural deviation from the normal
Deformity
A thickening and shortening of fibrous bands in the palm of the hand
Dupuytren contracture
Muscle or tendon that flexes a joint
Flexon
Bony lump on the terminal phalanx of the fingers in osteoarthritis
Heberden node
Abnormal tendency of a joint to partially or fully dislocation
Instability
Between the ages of 2-17
Juvenile
Small node
Nodule
Pertaining to anything left over
Residual
Pain in various parts of the musculoskeletal system
Rheumatism
Relating to or characterized by rheumatism
Rheumatic
Disease of connective tissue, with arthritis as a major manifestation
Rheumatoid arthritis
Capable of being affected by
Susceptible
The cup shaped cavity of the hip bone that receives the head of the femur to form the hip joint
Acetabulum
Appliance to support a part of the body in its correct position
Brace
Separation of normally joined parts
Diastasis
The thigh bone
Femur
Examination of structures of the body by x days
Fluoroscopy
Relating to or effected by fluoroscopy
Fluoroscopic
The rounded extremity of a bone
Head
Lower and posterior part of the hip bone
Ischium
A cup shaped ring bone
Pelvis
Bony front arch of the pelvis of the hip
Pubis
Pertaining to the pubis
Pubic
Segment of the vertebral column that forms part of the pelvis
Sacrum
In the neighborhood of the sacrum
Sacral
The joint between the sacrum and ilium
Sacroiliac
Inflammation of a joint or joints
Arthritis
Without a blood supply
Avascular
Refers to a muscle in the buttocks
Gluteus Maximus
The gluteus medium muscle is partly covered by the gluteus Maximus; originates on the ilium and is inserted into the femur
Gluteus medius
The gluteus minimums is the smallest of the gluteal muscles and lies under the gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Pertaining to the buttocks
Gluteal
Cartilage that forms a rim around the socket of the hip joint
Labrum
Large smooth rounded expansion of the end of a bone that forms a joint with another bone
Condyle
The smaller of the two bones of the lower leg
Fibula
Thin, circular bone in front of the knee joint and embedded in the patellar tendon
Patella
The hollow back of the knee
Popliteal fossa
An anterior thigh muscle with four heads
Quadriceps femoris
The larger bone of the lower leg
Tibia
Forcible separation of tearing away
Avulsion
Softening and degeneration of cartilage
Chondromalacia
The removal of injured or necrotic tissue
Debridement
A graft using tissue taken from another species
Heterograft / xenograft
Flexion of a limb or part beyond the normal limits
Hyperflexion
Excision of all or part of a meniscus
Meniscectomy
In front of the patella
Prepatellar
Break or tear or any organ or body part
Rupture
Inflammation of a tendon
Tendonitis
A tendon formed from gastrocnemius and soleus muscle and interred into the calcaneus
Achilles’ tendon
A swelling at the base of the big toe
Bunion
Bone of the tarsus that forms the heel
Calcaneus
Inflammation of the fascia
Fasciitis
Major muscle in the back of the lower leg
Gastrocnemius
Painful arthritis of the big toe and other joints
Gout
Deviation of the big toe toward the lateral side of the foot
Hallux valgus
A collective term referring to the five parallel bones of the foot between the tarsus and the phalanges
Metatarsus
Pertaining to the metatarsus
Metatarsal
A flat foot with no plantar arch
Pes planus
Specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and injuries of the foot
Podiatry
Practitioner or podiatry
Podiatrist
Fracture of Lower end of fibula
Pott Fracture
Large muscle of the calf
Soleus
Deformity of the foot involving the talus
Talipes
The tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia to form the ankle joint
Talus
The collection of seven bones in the foot that form the ankle and instep
Tarsus
