Chapter 9 Muscle Tissue Flashcards
An articulation, or joint, is the place where a bone meets…
Articulations vary in ___ and ___, and are classified into categories based on these qualities
- -Determined by ___
- -More mobility = _____, and vice versa
An articulation, or joint, is the place where a bone meets another bone, cartilage, or teeth
Articulations vary in stability and mobility, and are classified into categories based on these qualities
- –Determined by joint structure
- —More mobility = less stability, and vice versa
Classification by structure:
1.
2.
3.
Classification by structure:
- Fibrous: Bones held together by dense regular connective tissue
- Cartilaginous: Bones joined by cartilage
- Synovial: Bones separated by fluid-filled cavity
Classification by function:
1.
2.
3.
Classification by function:
- Synarthrosis: Immobile joint
- Amphiarthrosis: Slightly mobile joint
- Diarthrosis: Freely moveable joint
Fibrous joints
Bones joined by..
Three specific types:
1.
2.
3.
Bones joined by dense regular CT
Three specific types:
- Gomphoses: Joints between teeth and maxilla and mandible; synarthroses
- Sutures: Joints between skull bones; synarthroses
- Syndesmoses: Joints between parallel bones in the forearm and leg (radius and ulna, tibia and fibula); amphiarthroses
Cartilaginous Joints
Bones attached by cartilage
Two specific types:
1.
2.
Bones attached by cartilage
Two specific types:
- Synchondroses: Bones joined by hyaline cartilage; synarthroses
- Symphyses: Bones joined by pad of fibrocartilage; amphiarthroses
Synovial Joints
Freely ___ diarthroses
Articulating bones separated by a ___
Include commonly known joints (e.g., elbow, knee)
General anatomy: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Freely mobile diarthroses
Articulating bones separated by a joint cavity
Include commonly known joints (e.g., elbow, knee)
General anatomy:
- Articular capsule
- Joint cavity
- Synovial fluid
- Articular cartilage
- Ligaments
- Nerves and blood vessels
Synovial Joints
Articular Capsule
two layers:
1.
2.
Outer fibrous layer made of dense regular connective tissue; strengthens joint
Inner synovial membrane; secretes synovial fluid
Synovial Joints
Articular Cartilage
1.
2.
- Articular surfaces in synovial joints are covered by hyaline cartilage
- Reduces friction and acts as shock absorber
General Anatomy of Synovial Joints
Joint cavity
- Space between..
- Contains small amount of ____
a. ____ articular cartilages
b. __ ___ of articular cartilage
c. ___ ____ during compression of the joint
Ligaments: Connect bone to ___; dense regular connective tissue
–__ & ___ capsule
Joint cavity
- Space between articulating bones
- Contains small amount of synovial fluid
a. Lubricates articular cartilages
b. Nourishes chondrocytes of articular cartilage
c. Absorbs shock during compression of the joint
Ligaments: Connect bone to bone; dense regular connective tissue
Strengthen and reinforce capsule
Sensory nerves:
Blood vessels:
Bursae:
Tendon sheaths:
Fat pads:
Sensory nerves: Detect pain and amount of stretch in a joint
Blood vessels: Nourish tissues in the joint
Bursae: Sacs outside most synovial joints where ligaments, muscles, tendons, or bones rub; contain synovial fluid
Tendon sheaths: Elongated bursae around tendons, particularly in confined areas (wrist and ankle) where tendons rub each other
Fat pads: Packing material; also provide some protection
Types of synovial joints
Classified by: __ & __
movements described around three planes or axes
1.
2.
3.
Classified by shapes of articulating surfaces and amount of movement allowed
Movement described around three planes or axes:
- Uniaxial: Joint moves in one plane or axis
- Biaxial: Joint moves in two planes or axes
- Multiaxial: Joint moves in three planes or axes
Types of synovial joints in order of increasing movement
- Plane joints: uniaxial; side to side movement
- Hinge joints: uniaxial; like hinge of a door
- Pivot joints: uniaxial; one bone rotates on its longitudinal axis
- Condylar joints: biaxial; oval, concave surface of one bone; convex of the other
- Saddle joints: biaxial; joint surfaces resemble saddle shape
- Ball-and-socket joints: multiaxial; spherical head into cuplike socket
4 types of movement in synovial joints
Four types of motion: Gliding motion Angular motion Rotational motion Special movements
Gliding Motion
-Articular surfaces…
-___does not change
-Occurs mainly in ___
Example: Between carpals
Articular surfaces sliding back-and-forth or side-to-side
Angle between bones does not change
Occurs mainly in plane joints
Example: Between carpals
Angular Motion
Increases or decreases the angle between bones 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Increases or decreases the angle between bones
- Flexion
- Extension
- Hyperextension
- Lateral flexion
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Circumduction
Rotational Motion
In rotation, a bone turns on its longitudinal axis
Examples:
1. ____ joint turning back-and-forth in the “no” gesture
2. Limbs turning to and from median plane
a.
b.
c.
d.
In rotation, a bone turns on its longitudinal axis
Examples:
- Alantoaxial joint turning back-and-forth in the “no” gesture
- Limbs turning to and from median plane
a. Lateral rotation
b. Medial rotation
c. Pronation
d. Supination
Special Movements
Occur only at specific joints 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Occur only at specific joints
- Depression vs. elevation
- Dorsiflexion vs. plantar flexion
- Inversion vs. eversion
- Protraction vs. retraction
- Opposition
Selected joints of the axial skeleton:
1.
2.
Temporomandibular joint
Intervertebral articulations
The TMJ is between __ & ___ and ____
______ joint
Features: 1. Articular \_\_\_ 2. Ligaments A. B. C.
The TMJ is between head of mandible and mandibular fossa of temporal bone and the articular tubercle of temporal bone
Diarthrotic, synovial hinge joint
Features: 1. Articular disc 2. Ligaments A. Sphenomandibular B. Stylomandibular C. Temporomandibular (lateral)
Intervertebral Articulation
____between vertebral bodies; ___between articular processes
Vertebral bodies separated by ____
- Discs made of:
1.
2.
___: Anterior and posterior longitudinal, interspinous, supraspinous, ligamentum nuchae, ligamentum flavum
Amphiarthroses between vertebral bodies; diarthroses between articular processes
Vertebral bodies separated by intervertebral discs
- Discs made of:
1. Outer anulus fibrosus (fibrous cartilage)
2. Inner nucleus pulposus
Ligaments: Anterior and posterior longitudinal, interspinous, supraspinous, ligamentum nuchae, ligamentum flavum
Joints of the pectoral girdle and upper Limbs
Selected joints include: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Sternoclavicular joint Acromioclavicular joint Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint Elbow joint Radiocarpal (wrist) joint
Sternoclavicular Joint
___ joint b/n __& ___
____separates two joint cavities
Wide range of movement
Supporting ligaments:
1.
2.
3.
Diarthrotic saddle joint between manubrium of sternum and sternal end of the clavicle
Articular disc separates two joint cavities
Wide range of movement
Supporting ligaments:
- Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular
- Costoclavicular
- Interclavicular
Acromioclavicular Joint
____ joint b/n__&____
Articular disc within___
Supporting ligaments:
1.
2.
Diarthrotic plane joint between acromial end of clavicle and acromion of scapula
Articular disc within joint cavity
Supporting ligaments:
- Acromioclavicular
- Coracoclavicular
Glenohumeral Joint
Diarthrotic ball-and-socket joint between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
Features:
Diarthrotic ball-and-socket joint between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
Features:
- Fibrocartilaginous glenoid labrum
- Ligaments: Coracoacromial, coracohumeral, glenohumeral
- Tendon of biceps brachii
- Rotator cuff muscles
- Bursae: Subacromial, subcoracoid, subdeltoid, and subscapular
Elbow Joint
Diarthrotic hinge joint composed of humeroulnar and humeroradial joints
- ____with ___
- __ with ____
- Both joints enclosed…
Supporting ligaments:
1.
2.
3.
Diarthrotic hinge joint composed of humeroulnar and humeroradial joints
- Trochlea of humerus with trochlear notch of ulna
- Capitulum of humerus with head of radius
- Both joints enclosed in single articular capsule
Supporting ligaments:
- Radial (lateral) collateral
- Ulnar (medial) collateral
- Anular
Radiocarpal (wrist joint)
_____ joint between radius and 3 carpal bones
- ____surface of radius
- Three proximal carpal bones:
- -
- -
- - - ____ disc separates joint from ulna
Diarthrotic condylar joint between radius and 3 carpal bones
- Distal articular surface of radius
- Three proximal carpal bones:
- -Scaphoid
- -Lunate
- -Triquetrum - Fibrocartilaginous articular disc separates joint from ulna
Joints of Pelvic Girdle
Selected joints include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hip (coxal) joint
Knee joint
Talocrural (ankle) joint
Joints of the foot
Hip Coxal Joint
____ joint between __ & ____
Features 1. \_\_\_\_ of fibrocartilage 2. Articular capsule with retinacular fibers around.. 3. Ligaments: a. b. c. d.
Diarthrotic ball-and-socket joint between head of femur and acetabulum of os coxae
Features
- Acetabular labrum of fibrocartilage
- Articular capsule with retinacular fibers around neck of femur
- Ligaments:
a. Iliofemoral
b. Ischiofemoral
c. Pubofemoral
d. Ligament of head of femur
Knee Joint
Diarthrotic hinge joint containing two articulations
- –Medial and lateral menisci are…
____ diarthrosis of body
Diarthrotic hinge joint containing two articulations
- Tibiofemoral joint: between tibial condyles and femoral condyles
- –Medial and lateral menisci are fibrocartilage pads on tibial condyles - Patellofemoral joint: between patella and patellar surface of femur
Largest and most complex diarthrosis of body
Knee Joint
Supporting structures: 1. 2. 3. 4.
- Quadriceps tendon continuous with patellar ligament
- Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
- Tibial (medial) collateral ligament
- Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (ACL and PCL)
Talocrural (ankle) Joint
____ joint composed of two articulations
1.
2.
Ligaments
1.
2.
3.
Diarthrotic hinge joints composed of two articulations
- Between distal end of tibia and the talus
- Between distal end of fibula and the lateral aspect of the talus
Ligaments:
- Deltoid
- Lateral
- Anterior and posterior tibiofibular
Joints of the foot
Four types of synovial diarthroses in foot: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Four types of synovial diarthroses in foot:
- Intertarsal: Plane joint between tarsals
- Tarsometatarsal: Plane joint between distal tarsal bones and metatarsals
- Metatarsophalangeal (MP): Condylar joint between metatarsal and proximal phalanges
- Interphalangeal (IP): Hinge joint between phalanges
