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Human Anatomy > Chapter 9 Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

An articulation, or joint, is the place where a bone meets…

Articulations vary in ___ and ___, and are classified into categories based on these qualities

  • -Determined by ___
  • -More mobility = _____, and vice versa
A

An articulation, or joint, is the place where a bone meets another bone, cartilage, or teeth

Articulations vary in stability and mobility, and are classified into categories based on these qualities

  • –Determined by joint structure
  • —More mobility = less stability, and vice versa
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2
Q

Classification by structure:
1.
2.
3.

A

Classification by structure:

  1. Fibrous: Bones held together by dense regular connective tissue
  2. Cartilaginous: Bones joined by cartilage
  3. Synovial: Bones separated by fluid-filled cavity
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3
Q

Classification by function:
1.
2.
3.

A

Classification by function:

  1. Synarthrosis: Immobile joint
  2. Amphiarthrosis: Slightly mobile joint
  3. Diarthrosis: Freely moveable joint
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4
Q

Fibrous joints

Bones joined by..

Three specific types:
1.
2.
3.

A

Bones joined by dense regular CT

Three specific types:

  1. Gomphoses: Joints between teeth and maxilla and mandible; synarthroses
  2. Sutures: Joints between skull bones; synarthroses
  3. Syndesmoses: Joints between parallel bones in the forearm and leg (radius and ulna, tibia and fibula); amphiarthroses
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5
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

Bones attached by cartilage

Two specific types:
1.
2.

A

Bones attached by cartilage

Two specific types:

  1. Synchondroses: Bones joined by hyaline cartilage; synarthroses
  2. Symphyses: Bones joined by pad of fibrocartilage; amphiarthroses
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6
Q

Synovial Joints

Freely ___ diarthroses

Articulating bones separated by a ___

Include commonly known joints (e.g., elbow, knee)

General anatomy:
1. 
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
A

Freely mobile diarthroses

Articulating bones separated by a joint cavity

Include commonly known joints (e.g., elbow, knee)

General anatomy:

  1. Articular capsule
  2. Joint cavity
  3. Synovial fluid
  4. Articular cartilage
  5. Ligaments
  6. Nerves and blood vessels
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7
Q

Synovial Joints

Articular Capsule
two layers:
1.
2.

A

Outer fibrous layer made of dense regular connective tissue; strengthens joint

Inner synovial membrane; secretes synovial fluid

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8
Q

Synovial Joints

Articular Cartilage
1.
2.

A
  1. Articular surfaces in synovial joints are covered by hyaline cartilage
  2. Reduces friction and acts as shock absorber
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9
Q

General Anatomy of Synovial Joints

Joint cavity

  1. Space between..
  2. Contains small amount of ____
    a. ____ articular cartilages
    b. __ ___ of articular cartilage
    c. ___ ____ during compression of the joint

Ligaments: Connect bone to ___; dense regular connective tissue
–__ & ___ capsule

A

Joint cavity

  1. Space between articulating bones
  2. Contains small amount of synovial fluid
    a. Lubricates articular cartilages
    b. Nourishes chondrocytes of articular cartilage
    c. Absorbs shock during compression of the joint

Ligaments: Connect bone to bone; dense regular connective tissue
Strengthen and reinforce capsule

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10
Q

Sensory nerves:

Blood vessels:

Bursae:

Tendon sheaths:

Fat pads:

A

Sensory nerves: Detect pain and amount of stretch in a joint

Blood vessels: Nourish tissues in the joint

Bursae: Sacs outside most synovial joints where ligaments, muscles, tendons, or bones rub; contain synovial fluid

Tendon sheaths: Elongated bursae around tendons, particularly in confined areas (wrist and ankle) where tendons rub each other

Fat pads: Packing material; also provide some protection

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11
Q

Types of synovial joints

Classified by: __ & __

movements described around three planes or axes
1.
2.
3.

A

Classified by shapes of articulating surfaces and amount of movement allowed

Movement described around three planes or axes:

  1. Uniaxial: Joint moves in one plane or axis
  2. Biaxial: Joint moves in two planes or axes
  3. Multiaxial: Joint moves in three planes or axes
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12
Q

Types of synovial joints in order of increasing movement

A
  1. Plane joints: uniaxial; side to side movement
  2. Hinge joints: uniaxial; like hinge of a door
  3. Pivot joints: uniaxial; one bone rotates on its longitudinal axis
  4. Condylar joints: biaxial; oval, concave surface of one bone; convex of the other
  5. Saddle joints: biaxial; joint surfaces resemble saddle shape
  6. Ball-and-socket joints: multiaxial; spherical head into cuplike socket
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13
Q

4 types of movement in synovial joints

A 
Four types of motion:
Gliding motion
Angular motion
Rotational motion
Special movements
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14
Q

Gliding Motion

-Articular surfaces…
-___does not change
-Occurs mainly in ___
Example: Between carpals

A

Articular surfaces sliding back-and-forth or side-to-side

Angle between bones does not change

Occurs mainly in plane joints
Example: Between carpals

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15
Q

Angular Motion

Increases or decreases the angle between bones
1. 
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A

Increases or decreases the angle between bones

  1. Flexion
  2. Extension
  3. Hyperextension
  4. Lateral flexion
  5. Abduction
  6. Adduction
  7. Circumduction
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16
Q

Rotational Motion

In rotation, a bone turns on its longitudinal axis

Examples:
1. ____ joint turning back-and-forth in the “no” gesture
2. Limbs turning to and from median plane
a.
b.
c.
d.

A

In rotation, a bone turns on its longitudinal axis

Examples:

  1. Alantoaxial joint turning back-and-forth in the “no” gesture
  2. Limbs turning to and from median plane
    a. Lateral rotation
    b. Medial rotation
    c. Pronation
    d. Supination
17
Q

Special Movements

Occur only at specific joints
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A

Occur only at specific joints

  1. Depression vs. elevation
  2. Dorsiflexion vs. plantar flexion
  3. Inversion vs. eversion
  4. Protraction vs. retraction
  5. Opposition
18
Q

Selected joints of the axial skeleton:
1.
2.

A

Temporomandibular joint

Intervertebral articulations

19
Q

The TMJ is between __ & ___ and ____

______ joint

Features:
1. Articular \_\_\_
2. Ligaments 
A. 
B. 
C.
A

The TMJ is between head of mandible and mandibular fossa of temporal bone and the articular tubercle of temporal bone

Diarthrotic, synovial hinge joint

Features:
1. Articular disc
2. Ligaments 
A. Sphenomandibular
B. Stylomandibular
C. Temporomandibular (lateral)
20
Q

Intervertebral Articulation

____between vertebral bodies; ___between articular processes

Vertebral bodies separated by ____

  • Discs made of:
    1.
    2.

___: Anterior and posterior longitudinal, interspinous, supraspinous, ligamentum nuchae, ligamentum flavum

A

Amphiarthroses between vertebral bodies; diarthroses between articular processes

Vertebral bodies separated by intervertebral discs

  • Discs made of:
    1. Outer anulus fibrosus (fibrous cartilage)
    2. Inner nucleus pulposus

Ligaments: Anterior and posterior longitudinal, interspinous, supraspinous, ligamentum nuchae, ligamentum flavum

21
Q

Joints of the pectoral girdle and upper Limbs

Selected joints include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A 
Sternoclavicular joint
Acromioclavicular joint
Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
Elbow joint
Radiocarpal (wrist) joint
22
Q

Sternoclavicular Joint

___ joint b/n __& ___

____separates two joint cavities

Wide range of movement

Supporting ligaments:
1.
2.
3.

A

Diarthrotic saddle joint between manubrium of sternum and sternal end of the clavicle

Articular disc separates two joint cavities

Wide range of movement

Supporting ligaments:

  1. Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular
  2. Costoclavicular
  3. Interclavicular
23
Q

Acromioclavicular Joint

____ joint b/n__&____

Articular disc within___

Supporting ligaments:
1.
2.

A

Diarthrotic plane joint between acromial end of clavicle and acromion of scapula

Articular disc within joint cavity

Supporting ligaments:

  1. Acromioclavicular
  2. Coracoclavicular
24
Q

Glenohumeral Joint

Diarthrotic ball-and-socket joint between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula

Features:

A

Diarthrotic ball-and-socket joint between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula

Features:

  1. Fibrocartilaginous glenoid labrum
  2. Ligaments: Coracoacromial, coracohumeral, glenohumeral
  3. Tendon of biceps brachii
  4. Rotator cuff muscles
  5. Bursae: Subacromial, subcoracoid, subdeltoid, and subscapular
25
Q

Elbow Joint

Diarthrotic hinge joint composed of humeroulnar and humeroradial joints

  1. ____with ___
  2. __ with ____
  3. Both joints enclosed…

Supporting ligaments:
1.
2.
3.

A

Diarthrotic hinge joint composed of humeroulnar and humeroradial joints

  1. Trochlea of humerus with trochlear notch of ulna
  2. Capitulum of humerus with head of radius
  3. Both joints enclosed in single articular capsule

Supporting ligaments:

  1. Radial (lateral) collateral
  2. Ulnar (medial) collateral
  3. Anular
26
Q

Radiocarpal (wrist joint)

_____ joint between radius and 3 carpal bones

  1. ____surface of radius
  2. Three proximal carpal bones:
    - -
    - -
    - -
  3. ____ disc separates joint from ulna
A

Diarthrotic condylar joint between radius and 3 carpal bones

  1. Distal articular surface of radius
  2. Three proximal carpal bones:
    - -Scaphoid
    - -Lunate
    - -Triquetrum
  3. Fibrocartilaginous articular disc separates joint from ulna
27
Q

Joints of Pelvic Girdle

Selected joints include:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A

Hip (coxal) joint
Knee joint
Talocrural (ankle) joint
Joints of the foot

28
Q

Hip Coxal Joint

____ joint between __ & ____

Features
1. \_\_\_\_ of fibrocartilage
2. Articular capsule with retinacular fibers around..
3. Ligaments:
a.
b.
c.
d.
A

Diarthrotic ball-and-socket joint between head of femur and acetabulum of os coxae

Features

  1. Acetabular labrum of fibrocartilage
  2. Articular capsule with retinacular fibers around neck of femur
  3. Ligaments:
    a. Iliofemoral
    b. Ischiofemoral
    c. Pubofemoral
    d. Ligament of head of femur
29
Q

Knee Joint

Diarthrotic hinge joint containing two articulations

    • –Medial and lateral menisci are…

____ diarthrosis of body

A

Diarthrotic hinge joint containing two articulations

  1. Tibiofemoral joint: between tibial condyles and femoral condyles
    - –Medial and lateral menisci are fibrocartilage pads on tibial condyles
  2. Patellofemoral joint: between patella and patellar surface of femur

Largest and most complex diarthrosis of body

30
Q

Knee Joint

Supporting structures:
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
  1. Quadriceps tendon continuous with patellar ligament
  2. Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
  3. Tibial (medial) collateral ligament
  4. Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (ACL and PCL)
31
Q

Talocrural (ankle) Joint

____ joint composed of two articulations
1.
2.

Ligaments
1.
2.
3.

A

Diarthrotic hinge joints composed of two articulations

  1. Between distal end of tibia and the talus
  2. Between distal end of fibula and the lateral aspect of the talus

Ligaments:

  1. Deltoid
  2. Lateral
  3. Anterior and posterior tibiofibular
32
Q

Joints of the foot

Four types of synovial diarthroses in foot:
1.
2.
3.
4.
A

Four types of synovial diarthroses in foot:

  1. Intertarsal: Plane joint between tarsals
  2. Tarsometatarsal: Plane joint between distal tarsal bones and metatarsals
  3. Metatarsophalangeal (MP): Condylar joint between metatarsal and proximal phalanges
  4. Interphalangeal (IP): Hinge joint between phalanges

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

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