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Human Anatomy > Chapter 11 Axial Muscles > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Axial Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Axial muscles have both their attachments on …

  1. Formerly: “origin and insertion”
  2. Currently: ___ or ___

Functions of axial muscles include:

  1. Support the __ & ___
  2. Used in ___, ___, ___
  3. Aid in ___
  4. Support and protect _____
A

Axial muscles have both their attachments on parts of the axial skeleton

  1. Formerly: “origin and insertion”
  2. Currently: “superior and inferior attachments” or “proximal and distal attachments”

Functions of axial muscles include:

  1. Support the head and spinal column
  2. Used in facial expression, chewing, and swallowing
  3. Aid in breathing
  4. Support and protect abdominal and pelvic organs
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2
Q 
Axial muscles are organized into five groups based on their location:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
  1. Muscles of the head and neck
  2. Muscles of the vertebral column
  3. Muscles of respiration
  4. Muscles of the abdominal wall
  5. Muscles of the pelvic floor
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3
Q

Muscles of the head and neck

Separated into several groups

Most attach to __ or___

A

Separated into several groups
1. Location
2 .General functions

Most attach to skull or hyoid bone

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4
Q

Muscles of facial expression

Attach to ___ or___

Since fascia is connected to skin___, contraction moves skin and changes ____

Most are innervated by…

A

Attach to superficial fascia or to skull bones

Since fascia is connected to skin, contraction moves skin and changes expression

Most are innervated by cranial nerve VII (CN VII), the facial nerve

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5
Q

Extrinsic Eye Muscles

Six muscles move the eye:

  1. ___ muscles: Medial, lateral, inferior, and superior
  2. ___ muscles: Inferior and superior

___ muscles start from common tendinous ring in posterior orbit and attach to _____

Oblique muscles start from ___ and attach to ___ of eye
—Superior oblique passes through _____

A

Six muscles move the eye:

  1. Rectus muscles: Medial, lateral, inferior, and superior
  2. Oblique muscles: Inferior and superior

Rectus muscles start from common tendinous ring in posterior orbit and attach to outer surface of the eye

Oblique muscles start from within orbit and attach to posterolateral sclera of eye
—Superior oblique passes through pulleylike trochlea

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6
Q

Muscles of Mastication

Muscles involved in chewing

Move mandible at ___

All are innervated by CN __

  1. ____: Elevates and retracts mandible
  2. ___: Elevates and protracts mandible
  3. ____: Protract and move the mandible from side to side while chewing
A

Muscles involved in chewing

Move mandible at TMJ

All are innervated by CN V

  1. Temporalis: Elevates and retracts mandible
  2. Masseter: Elevates and protracts mandible
  3. Lateral and medial pterygoids: Protract and move the mandible from side to side while chewing
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7
Q

Muscles of the Pharynx

The pharynx (throat) is a tube extending from the oral and nasal cavities

Several muscles help form or attach to the pharynx and aid in ___

Most of these muscles are innervated by CN__

Main muscles controlling the tube are the ____
—When food enters the pharynx, these three muscles contract sequentially to initiate ___

A

The pharynx (throat) is a tube extending from the oral and nasal cavities

Several muscles help form or attach to the pharynx and aid in swallowing

Most of these muscles are innervated by CN X

Main muscles controlling the tube are the superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
—When food enters the pharynx, these three muscles contract sequentially to initiate swallowing

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8
Q

Muscles of Anterior Neck

Anterior neck muscles are divided based on ___ with respect to the ___:
1.
2.

A

Anterior neck muscles are divided based on location with respect to the hyoid bone:

  1. Suprahyoid muscles: Superior to the hyoid
  2. Infrahyoid muscles: Inferior to the hyoid
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9
Q

Muscles that Move the head and neck

____ muscles: Flex the head and/or neck

____muscles: Extend head and/or neck

Arise from : ___, ___ or____

Attach to ___

A

Anterolateral neck muscles: Flex the head and/or neck

Posterior neck muscles: Extend head and/or neck

Arise from : vertebrae, thoraxic cage, pectoral girdle

Attach to cranial bones

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10
Q

Muscles of the Vertebral Column (1)

Erector spinae muscles help determine posture

  1. Bilateral contraction does what?
  2. Unilateral contraction does what?
  3. ____ organized into three groups of muscles
A

Erector spinae muscles help determine posture

  1. Bilateral contraction extends vertebral column
  2. Unilateral contraction flexes vertebral column towards active muscles
  3. Erector spinae organized into three groups of muscles
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11
Q

Erector spinae organized into three groups of muscles

  1. ___: Most lateral group; composed of __, ___,and ___ parts
  2. ____: Composed of ___, ___, and thoracic parts
  3. ___: Most medial group; attach to ____ of vertebrae; composed of ___ and thoracic parts
A
  1. Iliocostalis: Most lateral group; composed of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar parts
  2. Longissimus: Composed of capitis, cervical, and thoracic parts
  3. Spinalis: Most medial group; attach to spinous processes of vertebrae; composed of cervical and thoracic parts
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12
Q

Muscles of vertebral column

____ muscles connect and stabilize vertebrae
–Assisted by minor muscles: _____

______ muscle in lumbar region

  • -Bilateral contraction ____ vertebral column
  • -Unilateral contraction ___ vertebral column towards active muscles
A

Transversospinalis muscles connect and stabilize vertebrae
—Assisted by minor muscles: interspinales, intertransversarii

Quatratus lumborum muscle in lumbar region

  • -Bilateral contraction extends vertebral column
  • -Unilateral contraction flexes vertebral column towards active muscles
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13
Q

Muscles involved with inhalation and exhalation:

  1. ____: Elevates ribs during forced inhalation
  2. _____: Depresses ribs during forced exhalation
  3. ___ help elevate ribs during forced inhalation
  4. ____: Elevates ribs during inhalation
  5. _____: Depresses ribs during forced exhalation
  6. _____: Depresses ribs during exhalation
  7. _____: Enlarges thoracic cavity during inhalation
A

Muscles involved with inhalation and exhalation:

  1. Serratus posterior superior: Elevates ribs during forced inhalation
  2. Serratus posterior inferior: Depresses ribs during forced exhalation
  3. Scalenes help elevate ribs during forced inhalation
  4. External intercostals: Elevates ribs during inhalation
  5. Internal intercostals: Depresses ribs during forced exhalation
  6. Transverse thoracis: Depresses ribs during exhalation
  7. Diaphragm: Enlarges thoracic cavity during inhalation
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14
Q

Muscles of Respiration

The ____ is the most important muscle for breathing

  1. Partition between __ & __
  2. ___ shaped with a central ___
  3. Contraction pulls central tendon __, thus ____

Diaphragm contraction also increases ____
1. Important effect for urination, defecation, childbirth, movement of venous blood

A

The diaphragm is the most important muscle for breathing

  1. Partition between thorax and abdomen
  2. Dome shaped with a central tendon
  3. Contraction pulls central tendon inferiorly, enlarging thorax

Diaphragm contraction also increases intra-abdominal pressure
1. Important effect for urination, defecation, childbirth, movement of venous blood

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15
Q

Muscles of abdominal Wall

Anterolateral wall of abdomen contains…

  1. Hold ____ in place
  2. Together they …
  3. Unilateral contraction laterally flexes vertebral column
A

Anterolateral wall of abdomen contains sheets of muscles

  1. Hold organs in place
  2. Together they flex and stabilize vertebral column
  3. Unilateral contraction laterally flexes vertebral column
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16
Q

4 pairs of abdominal muscles

  1. ____: Superficial, lateral muscle; fibers directed inferomedially
  2. _____: Deep to external oblique; fibers directed superomedially
  3. _____: Deepest of lateral muscles; fibers directed horizontally
  4. ____: Long, anterior muscle connecting __ to __; divided into__ muscle segments
A
  1. External oblique: Superficial, lateral muscle; fibers directed inferomedially
  2. Internal oblique: Deep to external oblique; fibers directed superomedially
  3. Transverse abdominis: Deepest of lateral muscles; fibers directed horizontally
  4. Rectus abdominis: Long, anterior muscle connecting sternum to pubic bone; divided into four muscle segments
17
Q

The pelvic floor consists of ___ layers of muscles collectively known as the __

Functions:

  1. ____ of pelvic organs
  2. ___________
  3. Control of _____
  4. Some _____
A

The pelvic floor consists of three layers of muscles collectively known as the pelvic diaphragm

Functions:
Support of pelvic organs
Control of defecation
Control of urination
Some reproductive processes
18
Q

Muscles of Pelvic Floor

The diamond-shaped region between the lower appendages is called the ____

The perineum can be further divided into two triangles:

  1. _____: Anterior region containing _____
  2. ____: Posterior region containing the ___
A

The diamond-shaped region between the lower appendages is called the perineum

The perineum can be further divided into two triangles:

  1. Urogenital triangle: Anterior region containing external genitalia and urethra
  2. Anal triangle: Posterior region containing the anus

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

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