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Human Anatomy > Chapter 7 Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Typically ___ bones in the adult skeleton
  2. Skeletal system is divided into two parts:
    - -
    - -
A
  1. Typically 206 bones in the adult skeleton
  2. Skeletal system is divided into two parts:
    A. Axial skeleton: Skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
    B. Appendicular skeleton: Shoulder and hip bones and those of the upper and lower extremities
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2
Q

Skull Bones

Skull is composed of ….

Many bones have passageways for….

A

Skull is composed of cranial and facial bones

Many bones have passageways for blood vessels and nerves

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3
Q

Cranial bones: __ bones that surround and enclose the brain

  • -____
  • -____
A

Cranial bones: 8 bones that surround and enclose the brain

  • -Unpaired: ethmoid, frontal, occipital, and sphenoid bones
  • -Paired: parietal and temporal bones
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4
Q

Facial bones: ___bones that form the face and have no brain contact
two types
—
—

A

Facial bones: 14 bones that form the face and have no brain contact

  • Unpaired: vomer and mandible bones
  • Paired: maxillae, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, palatine, and inferior nasal conchae bones
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5
Q

Sutures

  • _____ between skull bones
  • It is common for some individuals to have….
  • During adulthood sutures start to….
A
  • Immovable joints between skull bones
  • It is common for some individuals to have small sutural bones
  • During adulthood sutures start to disappear as bones fuse
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6
Q

Four major sutures:

  3. 4.
A

Four major sutures:

  1. Coronal suture: Junction between frontal and parietal bones
  2. Lambdoid suture: Junction between occipital and parietal bones
  3. Sagittal suture: Junction between parietal bones
  4. Squamous suture: Junction between temporal and parietal bones
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7
Q

Bones of the Cranium

  • The eight bones of the cranium protect the brain
    1. ___: skullcap, roof of cranium
  • –Made of….
    2. ____: floor
  • —Made of parts of….
A

The eight bones of the cranium protect the brain
Calvaria: skullcap, roof of cranium
Made of parietal bones and parts of frontal and occipital bones
Base of cranium: floor
Made of parts of ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital and temporal bones

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8
Q

Cranial Fossa

A fossa is a…

The floor of the cranial cavity contains three cranial fossae:

A

A fossa is a depression in a bone

The floor of the cranial cavity contains three cranial fossae:

  1. Anterior cranial fossa
  2. Middle cranial fossa
  3. Posterior cranial fossa
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9
Q

Bones of the face

__ facial bones give shape to the face,

Form part of the ___ and ___ cavities

Support ____

Serve as attachment sites for muscles of …

A

Fourteen facial bones give shape to the face,

Form part of the orbital and nasal cavities

Support teeth

Serve as attachment sites for muscles of expression and chewing

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10
Q

Nasal Complex

  1. Bones and cartilages forming the ___ & ___around them
  2. Superior border:
  3. Inferior border:
  4. Lateral walls:
A
  1. Bones and cartilages forming the nasal cavities and sinuses around them
  2. Superior border: Cribriform plate of ethmoid, parts of frontal and sphenoid
  3. Inferior border: Maxillae and palatine bones
  4. Lateral walls: Ethmoid, maxillae, inferior nasal conchae, palatine bones, and lacrimal bones
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11
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

  • ____ in skull bones around nasal cavity
    a. ___ ____ humidifies and warms inhaled air
    b. __ ____
    c. Resonant chambers for….
A
    • Air-filled spaces in skull bones around nasal cavity
      a. Mucous lining humidifies and warms inhaled air
      b. Lightens skull
      c. Resonant chambers for sound production while speaking
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12
Q

Orbital Complex

  • The orbits are _____ cavities in skull that hold and protect the __
    a. Consist of multiple bones
    b. Also contain…
A
  • The orbits are bony cavities in skull that hold and protect the eyes
    a. Consist of multiple bones
    b. Also contain muscles that move the eyes
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13
Q 
Roof of orbit: 
Floor: 
Medial wall: 
Lateral wall: 
Posterior wall:
A

Roof of orbit: Frontal bone and lesser wing of sphenoid bone
Floor: Mainly the maxilla bone
Medial wall: Maxilla, lacrimal, and ethmoid bones
Lateral wall: Zygomatic, greater wing of sphenoid, and frontal bones
Posterior wall: Mainly the sphenoid bone

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14
Q

Bones Associated with the skull

2

A

Auditory ossicles

hyoid

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15
Q

Auditory ossicles: Three tiny bones in ___ part of each ____ bone are for hearing:

3

A

Auditory ossicles: Three tiny bones in petrous part of each temporal bone are for hearing:
Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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16
Q
  • Hyoid bone: Located between the ___ & ___
  • Does not ___ with another bone
  • Attachment site for…
A
  • Hyoid bone: Located between the mandible and larynx
  • Does not articulate with another bone
  • Attachment site for tongue and muscles of larynx used in swallowing
17
Q

Aging of the Skull

-Infant cranial bones are connected by flexible areas of dense regular connective tissue called ___

Major fontanelles:
1. 
2. 
3. 
4.
A

Infant cranial bones are connected by flexible areas of dense regular connective tissue called fontanelles

Major fontanelles:

  1. Mastoid fontanelle
  2. Sphenoidal fontanelle
  3. Posterior fontanelle
  4. Anterior fontanelle
18
Q

Vertebral column is composed of __ bones

24 individual vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae:
Thoracic vertebrae:
Lumbar vertebrae:

Two inferior bones are fusions of several vertebrae
Sacrum:
Coccyx:

A

Vertebral column is composed of 26 bones

24 individual vertebrae

  • -Cervical vertebrae: Seven bones of the neck
  • -Thoracic vertebrae: Twelve bones that help form the superior region of the back and articulate with the ribs
  • -Lumbar vertebrae: Five bones that help form the inferior, concave region of the back

Two inferior bones are fusions of several vertebrae

  • -Sacrum: Five fused vertebrae
  • -Coccyx: Four fused vertebrae forming the “tailbone”
19
Q

Four spinal curvatures present in adult:

Primary curves appear in fetal development
- __ & ___ curvatures

Secondary curves appear at 3-4 months of age

  • -___ and ___ curvatures
  • -Help shift trunk’s weight over ___
A

Four spinal curvatures present in adult:

  1. Cervical curvature
  2. Thoracic curvature
  3. Lumbar curvature
  4. Sacral curvature

Primary curves appear in fetal development
–Thoracic and sacral curvatures

Secondary curves appear at 3-4 months of age

  • -Cervical and lumbar curvatures
  • -Help shift trunk’s weight over the legs
20
Q

Most vertebrae have the following features:

Body: weight bearing region

Vertebral arch: attaches to body to form …

  • –___: feet of the arch
  • –___: posterior extensions of the arch

Jutting processes

  • –Spinous processes project ___
  • –Transverse processes project ____
  • -____ – join to vertebra above
  • —____ – join to vertebra below
A

Most vertebrae have the following features:

Body: weight bearing region

Vertebral arch: attaches to body to form vertebral foramen

  • —Pedicles: feet of the arch
  • —Laminae: posterior extensions of the arch

Jutting processes

  • –Spinous processes project posteriorly
  • –Transverse processes project laterally
  • –Superior articular process – join to vertebra above
  • –Inferior articular process – join to vertebra below
21
Q

Sacrum: triangular bone forming posterior wall of pelvic cavity

  1. ___: points ___; base is broad superior surface
  2. Transverse ridges mark…
  3. __ __ is continuation of vertebral canal
    - —__ __ in inferior opening
  4. __ and __ allow nerves to exit
  5. Has an auricular surface at _____
A

Sacrum: triangular bone forming posterior wall of pelvic cavity

  1. Apex: points inferiorly; base is broad superior surface
  2. Transverse ridges mark fusion points of the five vertebrae
  3. Sacral canal is continuation of vertebral canal
    - — Sacral hiatus in inferior opening
  4. Anterior and posterior sacral foramina allow nerves to exit
  5. Has an auricular surface at sacroiliac joint
22
Q

Coccyx: fusion of ____ small vertebrae

  1. Attachment site for __ & ___
  2. ___ ____ are the laminae of the first coccygeal vertebrae
A

Coccyx: fusion of four small vertebrae

  1. Attachment site for ligaments and muscles
  2. Coccygeal cornua are the laminae of the first coccygeal vertebrae
23
Q

Thoracic Cage

Bony frame around chest composed of:
- 
-
-
Protects ....., and other thoracic organs
A

Bony frame around chest composed of:

  1. Thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
  2. Ribs laterally
  3. Sternum anteriorly

Protects heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, and other thoracic organs

24
Q

Sternum

The “breastbone” in anterior midline

Composed of three parts:

A

The “breastbone” in anterior midline

Composed of three parts:
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

25
Q

Ribs

__ pairs

Articulate posteriorly with ____

True ribs: Ribs 1-7; articulate anteriorly with..

False ribs: Ribs 8-12; their costal cartilages do not attach directly to the ____
—-Floating ribs: False ribs (pairs 11 and 12) that do not…

A

-12 pairs

Articulate posteriorly with thoracic vertebrae

True ribs: Ribs 1-7; articulate anteriorly with the sternum via costal cartilages

False ribs: Ribs 8-12; their costal cartilages do not attach directly to the sternum
—-Floating ribs: False ribs (pairs 11 and 12) that do not articulate with the sternum

26
Q

Development of the axial skeleton

Most bones form from ____ (endochondral ossification)

Flat skull bones develop from ___ (intramembranous ossification)

Sternum develops from…

A

Most bones form from cartilage (endochondral ossification)

Flat skull bones develop from mesenchyme (intramembranous ossification)

Sternum develops from cartilaginous sternal bars that fuse medially

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

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