Chapter 8 Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
Pectoral Girdle
Articulates with the trunk and supports the upper limbs
Consists of:
1.
2.
Articulates with the trunk and supports the upper limbs
Consists of:
Clavicles
Scapulae
Clavicle
___ bone
Articulates medially with the ____and laterally with the ____
___ ___ on inferior surface
S-shaped bone
Articulates medially with the manubrium of sternum and laterally with the acromion
Conoid tubercle on inferior surface
Scapula is a broad, flat triangle
—___ borders and __ angles
Glenoid cavity articulates with…
Other features (for muscle and ligament attachment):
- -Posterior:
- -__ ___ is above it; __ __ is below it
- -Lateral:
- -Anterior projection: ___ process
- -___ fossa is anterior surface
Scapula is a broad, flat triangle
—Three borders and three angles
Glenoid cavity articulates with head of humerus
Other features (for muscle and ligament attachment):
- -Posterior: Bony ridge = spine
- -Supraspinous fossa is above it; infraspinous fossa is below it
- -Lateral: Acromion process
- -Anterior projection: Coracoid process
- -Subscapular fossa is anterior surface
Upper Limb
___ in brachium (upper arm)
___ ___ in antebrachium (forearm)
____ in wrist
____ in palm
____ in fingers
Humerus in brachium (upper arm)
Radius and ulna in antebrachium (forearm)
Eight carpal bones in wrist
Five metacarpals in palm
Fourteen phalanges in fingers
Humerus
Proximal features:
___: Articulates with scapula
___ & ____ necks
___ ____: For muscle attachment
___ ___: For passage of biceps brachii tendon and muscle attachment
Proximal features:
Head: Articulates with scapula
Anatomical and surgical necks
Greater and lesser tubercles: For muscle attachment
Intertubercular sulcus: For passage of biceps brachii tendon and muscle attachment
Shaft of humerus:
—_____ for attachment of deltoid muscle
Shaft of humerus:
Deltoid tuberosity for attachment of deltoid muscle
Distal features of Humerus
- –____ that articulate with forearm bones
- –__ & ___ for muscle attachments
- –___ to accommodate projections of forearm bones
Distal features
—Condyles that articulate with forearm bones
—Medial and lateral epicondyles for muscle attachments
—Fossae to accommodate projections of forearm bones
Humerus
Condyles that articulate with forearm bones
- ____: Round, lateral projection for articulation with radius
- ___: Pulley-shaped, medial projection for articulation with ulna
Condyles that articulate with forearm bones
- Capitulum: Round, lateral projection for articulation with radius
- Trochlea: Pulley-shaped, medial projection for articulation with ulna
Humerus
Fossae to accommodate projections of forearm bones
- ________(on anterior humerus): accommodates head of radius
- ______(on anterior humerus): accommodates coronoid of ulna
- _____ (on posterior humerus): large basin that accommodates olecranon of ulna
- Fossae to accommodate projections of forearm bones
Radial fossa (on anterior humerus): accommodates head of radius - Coronoid fossa (on anterior humerus): accommodates coronoid of ulna
- Olecranon fossa (on posterior humerus): large basin that accommodates olecranon of ulna
Radius and Ulna
-Bones of the forearm
- In the anatomic position, they are parallel = in supination
A. The radius is lateral to the ulna - Pronation involves the radius crossing over the ulna
B. Palm faces posteriorly
–Bones of the forearm
- In the anatomic position, they are parallel = in supination
A. The radius is lateral to the ulna - Pronation involves the radius crossing over the ulna
B. Palm faces posteriorly
Radius
Radius
- -Proximal features:
1. Head: Articulates with…
2. ____: Narrowest region
3. ____: For biceps brachii muscle attachment - -Distal features:
1. _____: Lateral “wrist bump”
2. ____: Medial dent for head of ulna
Radius
- Proximal features:
A. Head: Articulates with capitulum of humerus
B. Neck: Narrowest region
C. Radial tuberosity: For biceps brachii muscle attachment - Distal features:
A. Styloid process: Lateral “wrist bump”
B. Ulnar notch: Medial dent for head of ulna
Ulna
- -Proximal features:
1. ____. Accommodates trochlea of humerus
2. ____: Projection that forms the posterior “bump” of the elbow; attachment site for triceps brachii
3. ____: Inferior lip of trochlear notch
4. ___ accommodates head of radius - -Distal features:
1. ___: Knoblike end
2. ____: Posteromedial “wrist bump”
Ulna
- -Proximal features:
1. Trochlear notch: Accommodates trochlea of humerus
2. Olecranon: Projection that forms the posterior “bump” of the elbow; attachment site for triceps brachii
3. Coronoid process: Inferior lip of trochlear notch
4. Radial notch: Lateral; accommodates head of radius
–Distal features:
Head: Knoblike end
Styloid process: Posteromedial “wrist bump”
The “hip bone”
–Fusion of ___, __, and___ between 13 and 15 years of age
Articulations:
- -Anteriorly with other os coxae (2 ossa coxae =____
- -Posteriorly with the ____
- -Laterally with…
- All three bones of os coxa contribute to its…
The “hip bone”
—Fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis between 13 and 15 years of age
Articulations:
- -Anteriorly with other os coxae (2 ossa coxae = pelvic girdle)
- -Posteriorly with the sacrum
- -Laterally with femur at acetabulum
- All three bones of os coxa contribute to its acetabulum (socket)
Ilium
- ___ of the three fused coxal bones
- Makes up the superior portions of..
-Features:
1. ___: Wide, fan-
shaped portion
2. ____: Ridge along inferior border of the ala
3. ____: Large depression on medial surface
4. Anterior, posterior, and inferior gluteal lines: Lateral sites of muscle attachments
- Largest of the three fused coxal bones
- Makes up the superior portions of os coxa and acetabulum
Features:
- Ala: Wide, fan-shaped portion
- Arcuate line: Ridge along inferior border of the ala
- Iliac fossa: Large depression on medial surface
- Anterior, posterior, and inferior gluteal lines: Lateral sites of muscle attachments
Ilium
Additional features:
1. ____: Superior ridge
2 _____: Projections along iliac crest
3. ____: For sciatic nerve entering lower limb
4. _____: Medial articulation with sacrum
Additional features:
- Iliac crest: Superior ridge
- Anterior and posterior, superior and inferior iliac spines: Projections along iliac crest
- Greater sciatic notch: For sciatic nerve entering lower limb
- Auricular surface: Medial articulation with sacrum
Ischium
-Superior/posterior margin of acetabulum
- Features:
1. ____: Prominent medial process
2. _____: Rough inferior projection that supports weight of body when seated
3. _____: Extends from tuberosity to pubis
-Superior/posterior margin of acetabulum
- Features:
1. Ischial spine: Prominent medial process
2. Ischial tuberosity: Rough inferior projection that supports weight of body when seated
3. Ischial ramus: Extends from tuberosity to pubis
Pubis
Anterior region of os coxae
Features:
- _____: Extend between acetabulum and ischial ramus
- ____: Rough ridge on anterosuperior of superior ramus; ends as pubic tubercle
- _____: Large space bordered by pubic and ischial rami
- _____: Ridge on medial surface of pubis continuing from arcuate line of ilium
Anterior region of os coxae
Features:
- Superior and inferior rami: Extend between acetabulum and ischial ramus
- Pubic crest: Rough ridge on anterosuperior of superior ramus; ends as pubic tubercle
- Obturator foramen: Large space bordered by pubic and ischial rami
- Pectineal line: Ridge on medial surface of pubis continuing from arcuate line of ilium
Pelvic brim:
- –True pelvis:
- —False pelvis:
Pelvic inlet:
Pelvic outlet:
Pelvic brim: Continuous oval ridge formed by pubic crest, pectineal line, arcuate line, and sacral promontory
True pelvis: Bony basin inferior to pelvic brim containing pelvic organs
False pelvis: Superior to pelvic brim bound by ilia laterally and abdominal wall anteriorly
Pelvic inlet: Superior entrance to true pelvis, at pelvic brim
Pelvic outlet: Exit of true pelvis, defined by coccyx, ischial tuberosities, and inferior border of pubic symphysis
-Most reliable indicator of the sex of a skeleton is the ____, due to the requirements of pregnancy and childbirth
-Major differences: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Most reliable indicator of the sex of a skeleton is the pelvis, due to the requirements of pregnancy and childbirth
Major differences:
- Female is less massive, has less prominent markings
- Female ilia laterally flared = wider pelvis
- Female pelvic inlet = wide oval; male’s = heart-shaped
- Female subpubic angle is wider: Greater than 100º compared to less than 90º in males
lower limb
- ___ in the femoral region (thigh)
- ____(kneecap) in the patellar region
- ___ & ___in the crural region (leg)
- Seven ___in ankle and proximal foot
- Five ____ in arch of foot
- Fourteen ____ in the toes
- Femur in the femoral region (thigh)
- Patella (kneecap) in the patellar region
- Tibia and fibula in the crural region (leg)
- Seven tarsals in ankle and proximal foot
- Five metatarsals in arch of foot
- Fourteen phalanges in the toes
Femur
-Longest, strongest, and heaviest bone in the body
- Proximal features:
1. ___: Articulates with os coxa at acetabulum - –___: Dent in head for ligament to acetabulum
2. ___: Constricted region just distal to head
3. ____: Massive processes for attachment of powerful hip and thigh muscles
Longest, strongest, and heaviest bone in the body
Proximal features:
- Head: Articulates with os coxa at acetabulum
- - Fovea: Dent in head for ligament to acetabulum - Neck: Constricted region just distal to head
- Greater and lesser trochanters: Massive processes for attachment of powerful hip and thigh muscles
Additional features of femur:
Intertrochanteric line:
Gluteal tuberosity:
Linea aspera:
Additional features of femur:
Intertrochanteric line: Anterior between trochanters marking distal edge of hip capsule
Gluteal tuberosity: Posterior rough region for attachment of gluteus maximus muscle
Linea aspera: Ridge on posterior shaft for attachment of many thigh muscles
Distally, linea aspera splits into medial and lateral supracondylar lines
Femur
Distal features of femur:
Medial and lateral condyles:
Medial and lateral epicondyles:
Intercondylar fossa:
Patellar surface:
Medial and lateral condyles: Smooth, rounded articular surfaces
Medial and lateral epicondyles: Projections just superior to the condyles for muscle and ligament attachment
Intercondylar fossa: Deep posterior depression that separates the condyles
Patellar surface: Smooth anterior region between condyles where patella articulates with the femur
tibia and fibula
The two bones making up the crural region (leg) are the tibia and fibula
- ___to each other
- Tibia is ___ to fibula
- Connected by an ___
The two bones making up the crural region (leg) are the tibia and fibula
- Parallel to each other
- Tibia is medial to fibula
- Connected by an interosseous membrane
Prominent features of the tibia:
Medial and lateral condyles:
Fibular articular facet:
Tibial tuberosity:
Anterior border:
Medial malleolus:
Inferior articular surface:
Prominent features of the tibia:
Medial and lateral condyles: Smooth surfaces for articulation with femur
Fibular articular facet: Articulation site for head of fibula
Tibial tuberosity: Rough anterior projection inferior to condyles
Attachment site of patellar ligament
Anterior border: Ridge along anterior surface
Commonly known as the “shin”
Medial malleolus: Inferiormost prominent medial process
Inferior articular surface: for the talus (a tarsal bone)
Prominent features of the fibula:
- Proximal head with…
- Narrow ___ and slender ___
- Distal end expands into..
Prominent features of the fibula:
- Proximal head with flat articular facet for articulation with the tibia
- Narrow neck and slender shaft
- Distal end expands into lateral malleolus
Tarsals: 7 bones
Calcaneus: Talus: Navicular Cuneiforms Cuboid:
Tarsals: 7 bones
Calcaneus: Largest; forms the heel
Talus: Superiormost; weight-bearing; articulates with tibia
Navicular
Cuneiforms (wedges)
Medial, intermediate and lateral
Cuboid - lateral
Metatarsals
___ bones in sole of foot
Articulations:
- Proximally with ___
- Distally with ___
Identified by Roman numerals I–V from medial to lateral
Metatarsals
5 bones in sole of foot
Articulations:
Proximally with tarsals
Distally with phalanges
Identified by Roman numerals I–V from medial to lateral
Phalanges
__ bones per foot
Three phalanges for toes 2–5
___, ___ and ___phalanges
Great toe (hallux) has only…
Phalanges
14 bones per foot
Three phalanges for toes 2–5
Proximal, middle, and distal phalanges
Great toe (hallux) has only two phalanges Proximal and distal phalanges (no medial phalanx)
Normally, the foot is arched
Helps prevent pinching of muscles, nerves, and blood vessels
Three major arches:
1.
2.
3.
Normally, the foot is arched
Helps prevent pinching of muscles, nerves, and blood vessels
Three major arches:
- Medial longitudinal arch: From heel to hallux; highest arch
- Lateral longitudinal arch: From heel to fifth toe; lowest arch
- Transverse arch: Perpendicular to other arches; along distal row of tarsals
Skeletal mass and density decline with aging
- Potential ___, susceptibility to ___
- Begins in middle age
Osteoarthritis develops as…
Pubic symphysis changes with age
- ___ in early adulthood
- ___ in 20s
- Develops prominent ___ in 30s and 40s
- Develops ___ with arthritis in elderly
Skeletal mass and density decline with aging
Potential osteoporosis, susceptibility to fracture
Begins in middle age
Osteoarthritis develops as articular surfaces deteriorate
Pubic symphysis changes with age
- Rough in early adulthood
- Flattens in 20s
- Develops prominent rim in 30s and 40s
- Develops concavities with arthritis in elderly
