chapter 1 Intro Flashcards
____ is the study of structure
____ is the study of function
Anatomy
Physiology
2 categories of anatomy
microscopic and gross
\_\_\_\_:Structures too small to be seen with the unaided eye Includes cytology (cells) and histology (tissues)
____: Structures that can be seen with the unaided eye
microscopic anatomy
gross anatomy
Subdisciplines of Gross anatomy?
- comparative
- developmental
- embryology
- regional
- surface
- systemic
- _____ anatomy: Similarities and differences across species
- _____ anatomy
Structural changes from conception through maturity - ____: Developmental changes occurring prior to birth
- comparative
- developmental
- embryology
- ____ anatomy
Studies all structures within a single region
e.g., muscles, nerves, blood vessels, etc. of neck
2.______ anatomy
Studies superficial and internal structures as they relate to their location on the body surface
3.____ anatomy
Studies structures involved with a specific activity
e.g., digestion
- regional
- surface
- systemic
structural organization of the body
atoms molecules cells tissues organs systems organisms
characteristics of living organisms:
- organization (structural order)
- metabolism (chemical reactions)
- growth and development (increased size)
- responsiveness (sensation and reaction)
- adaptation (alteration to increase reproductive success)
- regulation (maintaining homeostasis)
- reproduction (cell and organism levels)
how many organ systems are in the body?
11
skeletal system
provides what? stores what? and?
provides support and protection
is the site of hemopoiesis (blood cell production)
stores calcium and phosphorous
provides sites for muscle attachment
integumentary System
provides? does what?
provides protection regulates body temp synthesizes vit D prevents water loss site of cutaneous receptors
muscular system
body movement
generates heat when muscles contract
Endocrine System
consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones (some of these regulate body and cell growth, chemical levels, and reproductive systems)
Nervous System
what kind of system?
Regulatory system
- controls body movement
- responds to sensory stimuli
- helps control all other systems
- responsible for consciousness, intelligence and memory
cardiovascular system
consists of?
heart, blood and blood vessels
Cardiovascular cont’d
the heart moves blood through the blood vessels to distribute _______
hormones, nutrients, and gases
and they pick up waste products
Respiratory System
responsible for exchange of gases(O2 and CO2) between blood and the air in the lungs
Lymphatic System
transports and filters lymph and initiates an immune response
Digestive
mechanically and chemically digests food
absorbs nutrients
expels waste
Male Reproductive
produces male sex cells
and hormones
transfers sperm to the female
Female Reproductive
Produces female sex cells and hormones
receives sperm form male
site of fertilization, growth and development of embryo and fetus
produces and secretes breast milk.
Urinary System
filter the blood and removes waste from it
concentrates the waste in the form of urine
expels urine from the body
List the 11 systems
skeletal muscle integumentary nervous endocrine lymphatic cardiovascular respiratory digestive urinary male repro female repro
Describe anatomic position
- standing upright
- feet parallel on floor
- head level and looking ahead
- arms at side with palms facing forward
sections and planes?
List all four
coronal
transverse
midsgittal
oblique
Coronal section divides body into?
into front and back parts (ant/post)
Transverse section divides body how?
into upper and lower parts
sup/inf
Midsagittal divides body how?
into equal left and right halves. Other sagittal planes still do left and right halves but not perfectly even
oblique cuts how?
passes through at an angle
Anatomic directions
anterior and posterior?
front and back
also: ventral and dorsal
Anatomic directions
superior and inferior?
towards head, towards feet
Anatomic directions
cranial, rostral and caudal
cranial - towards head
rostral- towards nose
caudal- towards tail
Anatomic directions
medial and lateral
medial - towards midline
lateral - away from midline
Anatomic directions
ipsilateral and contralateral
ipsi - same side
contra - opposite side
Anatomic directions
deep and superficial
deep - internal
superficial - external
Anatomic directions
proximal and distal
proximal - close to trunk
think proximity
distal - far from trunk
think distance
two main body regions?
axial and appendicular
axial: ____
appendicular: _____
axial: head, neck and trunk
appendicular: upper and lower limbs (UE and LE)
Body Regions terminology
Nose mouth cheek chin eyes forehead head ear skull back of the head
nose - nasal mouth - oral cheek - buccal chin - mental (mentalis) eyes - orbital forehead - frontal (like frontal lobe of brain) head - cephalic ear- auricular skull - cranial back of head - occipital (like brain lobe)
Body Regions terminology
neck shoulder armpit arm front of elbow elbow forearm lateral aspect of forearm (thumb side) medial aspect of forearm (pinky side) wrist hand palm finger thumb
neck - cervical (think cervical portion of spine) shoulder - deltoid armpit -axillary arm - brachial front of elbow - antecubital elbow - olecranal forearm - antebrachial lat aspect of forearm - radial med aspect of forearm-ulnar wrist - carpal (like carpal tunnel) hand - manus palm - palmar finger - digital or phalangeal thumb - pollex
Body Regions terminology
sternum chest breast abdomen navel pelvis groin pubic area
sternum - sternal chest - pectoral (pec muscles) breast - mammary (mammary glands) abdomen- abdominal navel -umbilical pelvis - pelvic groin - inguinal pubic - pubic
Body Regions terminology
back top part of back shoulder blade spinal column low back back just below the "low back" buttock anus
back - dorsal top part of back - thoracic (t1-t12) shoulder blade - scapular (scapula) spinal column - vertebral low back - lumbar low low back - sacral buttock - gluteal anus - perineal
Body Regions terminology
hip thigh kneecap back of knee leg calf lateral aspect of leg medial aspect of leg foot ankle toe heel of foot great toe
hip - coxal thigh - femoral kneecap - patellar (like patella tendon) back of knee - popiteal leg - crural calf-sural lat aspect of leg-fibular med aspect of leg - tibial (tib/fib) foot- pes ankle - tarsal toe - digital heel of foot - calcaneal great tow - hallux
body cavities
2 main
posterior
ventral
posterior cavity
two parts
cranial cavity (skull bones) vertebral canal (vertebral column)
Ventral cavity
2 cavities?
thoracic and abdominopelvic
thoracic and abdominopelvic are separated by?
diaphragm
abdominopelvic has 2 cavities
abdominal
pelvic
posterior aspect cavities and description
cranial - houses the brain
vertebral canal- contains the spinal cord
ventral cavities and descriptions
thoracic - chest cavity . superior to diaphragm
abdominopelvic
three parts of thoracic cavity
mediastinum
pericardial
pleural
mediastinum
contains pericardial cavity, thymus, trachea, esophagus, and major blood vessels
pericardial
contains the heart
pleural
contains the lungs
abdominal cavity description
below diaphragm and above pelvic brim of hip bones. associated with abdominal viscera - stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas, small intestine, most of large intestine, kidneys, ureters
Pelvic cavity description
inferior to pelvic brim of hip bones. associated with pelvic viscera - urinary bladder and urethra, internal reproductive organs, some of large intestine.
Cavity Membranes
ventral cavities are lined by ___
serous membrane
Ventral Cavities are divided into 2 continuous parts/layers:
parietal layer (lines internal surface of body wall)
visceral layer (covers external surface of specific organs)
between ventral layers is a ___ ___ with __ ___
serous cavity with serous fluid (reduces friction between moving organs)
Membranes of thoracic cavity
pericardium: ___ ___ around the heart
serous membrane
Membranes of thoracic cavity
Pleura: serous membrane around the ___
lungs
Membranes of abdominopelvic cavity
peritoneum
parietal peritoneum:
peritoneal cavity:
visceral cavity:
parietal - lines internal walls of abdominopelvic cavity
peritoneal - potential space with serous fluid
visceral - covers surface of most digestive organs
abdominopelvic regions and quadrants
4 quadrants
RUQ, RLQ
LUQ, LLQ
abdominopelvic regions and quadrants
9 Regions
R hypochondriac
epigastric region
L hypochondriac
R lumbar
umbillical
L lumbar
R iliac
Hypogastric
L iliac
