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Human Anatomy > chapter 1 Intro > Flashcards

chapter 1 Intro Flashcards

1
Q

____ is the study of structure

____ is the study of function

A

Anatomy

Physiology

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2
Q

2 categories of anatomy

A

microscopic and gross

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3
Q 
\_\_\_\_:Structures too small to be seen with the unaided eye
Includes cytology (cells) and histology (tissues)

____: Structures that can be seen with the unaided eye

A

microscopic anatomy

gross anatomy

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4
Q

Subdisciplines of Gross anatomy?

A
  1. comparative
  2. developmental
  3. embryology
  4. regional
  5. surface
  6. systemic
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5
Q
  1. _____ anatomy: Similarities and differences across species
  2. _____ anatomy
    Structural changes from conception through maturity
  3. ____: Developmental changes occurring prior to birth
A
  1. comparative
  2. developmental
  3. embryology
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6
Q
  1. ____ anatomy
    Studies all structures within a single region
    e.g., muscles, nerves, blood vessels, etc. of neck
    2.______ anatomy
    Studies superficial and internal structures as they relate to their location on the body surface
    3.____ anatomy
    Studies structures involved with a specific activity
    e.g., digestion
A
  1. regional
  2. surface
  3. systemic
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7
Q

structural organization of the body

A 
atoms 
molecules
cells
tissues
organs
systems
organisms
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8
Q

characteristics of living organisms:

A
  1. organization (structural order)
  2. metabolism (chemical reactions)
  3. growth and development (increased size)
  4. responsiveness (sensation and reaction)
  5. adaptation (alteration to increase reproductive success)
  6. regulation (maintaining homeostasis)
  7. reproduction (cell and organism levels)
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9
Q

how many organ systems are in the body?

A

11

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10
Q

skeletal system

provides what? stores what? and?

A

provides support and protection

is the site of hemopoiesis (blood cell production)

stores calcium and phosphorous

provides sites for muscle attachment

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11
Q

integumentary System

provides? does what?

A 
provides protection
regulates body temp
synthesizes vit D
prevents water loss
site of cutaneous receptors
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12
Q

muscular system

A

body movement

generates heat when muscles contract

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13
Q

Endocrine System

A

consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones (some of these regulate body and cell growth, chemical levels, and reproductive systems)

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14
Q

Nervous System

what kind of system?

A

Regulatory system

  • controls body movement
  • responds to sensory stimuli
  • helps control all other systems
  • responsible for consciousness, intelligence and memory
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15
Q

cardiovascular system

consists of?

A

heart, blood and blood vessels

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16
Q

Cardiovascular cont’d

the heart moves blood through the blood vessels to distribute _______

A

hormones, nutrients, and gases

and they pick up waste products

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17
Q

Respiratory System

A

responsible for exchange of gases(O2 and CO2) between blood and the air in the lungs

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18
Q

Lymphatic System

A

transports and filters lymph and initiates an immune response

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19
Q

Digestive

A

mechanically and chemically digests food

absorbs nutrients

expels waste

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20
Q

Male Reproductive

A

produces male sex cells
and hormones

transfers sperm to the female

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21
Q

Female Reproductive

A

Produces female sex cells and hormones

receives sperm form male

site of fertilization, growth and development of embryo and fetus

produces and secretes breast milk.

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22
Q

Urinary System

A

filter the blood and removes waste from it

concentrates the waste in the form of urine

expels urine from the body

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23
Q

List the 11 systems

A 
skeletal 
muscle
integumentary
nervous 
endocrine
lymphatic
cardiovascular
respiratory
digestive
urinary
male repro
female repro
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24
Q

Describe anatomic position

A
  • standing upright
  • feet parallel on floor
  • head level and looking ahead
  • arms at side with palms facing forward
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25
Q

sections and planes?

List all four

A

coronal
transverse
midsgittal
oblique

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26
Q

Coronal section divides body into?

A

into front and back parts (ant/post)

27
Q

Transverse section divides body how?

A

into upper and lower parts

sup/inf

28
Q

Midsagittal divides body how?

A

into equal left and right halves. Other sagittal planes still do left and right halves but not perfectly even

29
Q

oblique cuts how?

A

passes through at an angle

30
Q

Anatomic directions

anterior and posterior?

A

front and back

also: ventral and dorsal

31
Q

Anatomic directions

superior and inferior?

A

towards head, towards feet

32
Q

Anatomic directions

cranial, rostral and caudal

A

cranial - towards head
rostral- towards nose
caudal- towards tail

33
Q

Anatomic directions

medial and lateral

A

medial - towards midline

lateral - away from midline

34
Q

Anatomic directions

ipsilateral and contralateral

A

ipsi - same side

contra - opposite side

35
Q

Anatomic directions

deep and superficial

A

deep - internal

superficial - external

36
Q

Anatomic directions

proximal and distal

A

proximal - close to trunk
think proximity

distal - far from trunk
think distance

37
Q

two main body regions?

A

axial and appendicular

38
Q

axial: ____
appendicular: _____

A

axial: head, neck and trunk
appendicular: upper and lower limbs (UE and LE)

39
Q

Body Regions terminology

Nose
mouth 
cheek
chin
eyes
forehead
head
ear
skull
back of the head
A 
nose - nasal
mouth - oral 
cheek - buccal 
chin - mental (mentalis)
eyes - orbital
forehead - frontal (like frontal lobe of brain)
head - cephalic
ear- auricular
skull - cranial 
back of head - occipital (like brain lobe)
40
Q

Body Regions terminology

neck 
shoulder
armpit
arm
front of elbow
elbow
forearm
lateral aspect of forearm (thumb side)
medial aspect of forearm (pinky side)
wrist
hand
palm
finger
thumb
A 
neck - cervical (think cervical portion of spine)
shoulder - deltoid
armpit -axillary
arm - brachial 
front of elbow - antecubital
elbow - olecranal
forearm - antebrachial
lat aspect of forearm - radial
med aspect of forearm-ulnar
wrist - carpal (like carpal tunnel)
hand - manus
palm - palmar
finger - digital or phalangeal
thumb - pollex
41
Q

Body Regions terminology

sternum
chest
breast
abdomen
navel
pelvis
groin
pubic area
A 
sternum - sternal 
chest - pectoral (pec muscles)
breast - mammary (mammary glands)
abdomen- abdominal 
navel -umbilical
pelvis - pelvic
groin - inguinal 
pubic - pubic
42
Q

Body Regions terminology

back
top part of back 
shoulder blade
spinal column
low back
back just below the "low back"
buttock
anus
A 
back - dorsal
top part of back - thoracic (t1-t12)
shoulder blade - scapular (scapula)
spinal column - vertebral
low back - lumbar
low low back - sacral
buttock - gluteal
anus - perineal
43
Q

Body Regions terminology

hip
thigh 
kneecap
back of knee
leg
calf
lateral aspect of leg
medial aspect of leg
foot
ankle
toe
heel of foot
great toe
A 
hip - coxal
thigh - femoral
kneecap - patellar (like patella tendon)
back of knee - popiteal
leg - crural
calf-sural
lat aspect of leg-fibular
med aspect of leg - tibial (tib/fib)
foot- pes
ankle - tarsal
toe - digital
heel of foot - calcaneal
great tow - hallux
44
Q

body cavities

2 main

A

posterior

ventral

45
Q

posterior cavity

two parts

A 
cranial cavity (skull bones)
vertebral canal (vertebral column)
46
Q

Ventral cavity

2 cavities?

A

thoracic and abdominopelvic

47
Q

thoracic and abdominopelvic are separated by?

A

diaphragm

48
Q

abdominopelvic has 2 cavities

A

abdominal

pelvic

49
Q

posterior aspect cavities and description

A

cranial - houses the brain

vertebral canal- contains the spinal cord

50
Q

ventral cavities and descriptions

A

thoracic - chest cavity . superior to diaphragm

abdominopelvic

51
Q

three parts of thoracic cavity

A

mediastinum
pericardial
pleural

52
Q

mediastinum

A

contains pericardial cavity, thymus, trachea, esophagus, and major blood vessels

53
Q

pericardial

A

contains the heart

54
Q

pleural

A

contains the lungs

55
Q

abdominal cavity description

A

below diaphragm and above pelvic brim of hip bones. associated with abdominal viscera - stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas, small intestine, most of large intestine, kidneys, ureters

56
Q

Pelvic cavity description

A

inferior to pelvic brim of hip bones. associated with pelvic viscera - urinary bladder and urethra, internal reproductive organs, some of large intestine.

57
Q

Cavity Membranes

ventral cavities are lined by ___

A

serous membrane

58
Q

Ventral Cavities are divided into 2 continuous parts/layers:

A

parietal layer (lines internal surface of body wall)

visceral layer (covers external surface of specific organs)

59
Q

between ventral layers is a ___ ___ with __ ___

A

serous cavity with serous fluid (reduces friction between moving organs)

60
Q

Membranes of thoracic cavity

pericardium: ___ ___ around the heart

A

serous membrane

61
Q

Membranes of thoracic cavity

Pleura: serous membrane around the ___

A

lungs

62
Q

Membranes of abdominopelvic cavity

peritoneum

parietal peritoneum:
peritoneal cavity:
visceral cavity:

A

parietal - lines internal walls of abdominopelvic cavity

peritoneal - potential space with serous fluid

visceral - covers surface of most digestive organs

63
Q

abdominopelvic regions and quadrants

4 quadrants

A

RUQ, RLQ

LUQ, LLQ

64
Q

abdominopelvic regions and quadrants

9 Regions

A

R hypochondriac
epigastric region
L hypochondriac

R lumbar
umbillical
L lumbar

R iliac
Hypogastric
L iliac

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

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