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Human Anatomy > Chapter 5 Integumet > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Integumet Flashcards

1
Q

what is integument?

A

skin = cutaneous membrane

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2
Q

integument is the body’s largest ___

A

organ

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3
Q

integument has two layers

A

Epidermis: Superficial layer of stratified squamous epithelium

Dermis: Deeper layer of areolar and dense irregular connective tissues

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4
Q

Subcutaneous layer

Not ….

lies under _____

composed of ___ & ____ tissue

A

Subcutaneous layer

Not part of skin

lies under dermis

composed of areolar and adipose tissue

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5
Q

Integument functions

A 
protection
prevention of water loss and gain
temp regulation
metabolic regulation
immune defense
sensory reception
secretion
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6
Q

Protection function of inegument

Provides _____ protecting against _____
Protection from _____
Some ______ (selective permeability)

A

Protection
Provides physical barrier protecting against trauma
Protection from solar radiation
Some chemical absorption (selective permeability)

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7
Q

integument function of prevention of water loss/gain

skin is…
Skin is not ____ transepidermal water loss

A

Skin is water resistant

Skin is not waterproof: transepidermal water loss

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8
Q

integument function of temp regulation

____ of vessels
increased ___ & ___
____ of vessels in cold

A

Dilation of vessels,

increased sweating in warmth

Constriction of vessels in cold

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9
Q

integument function of metabolic regulation

_____is produced by some skin cells

A

Vitamin D is produced by some skin cells

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10
Q

Integument function of immune defense

_______cells help initiate immune responses

A

Epidermal dendritic cells help initiate immune responses

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11
Q

Integument function of sensory reception

Many _____ help detect changes in ___and ____

A

Many skin receptors help detect changes in temperature, touch

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12
Q

Integument function of secretion

____, ____ of hair and skin with sebum

A

Sweating, lubrication of hair and skin with sebum

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13
Q

epidermis

4 things about it

A

Epithelium of the skin

Avascular

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Composed of several layers (strata)

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14
Q 
Thick skin contains \_\_\_\_ layers in epidermis 
includes the..
1. Found in ...
2.Epidermis is \_\_\_\_ mm thick
3.No \_\_\_ or\_\_\_\_
A

Thick skin contains five layers in epidermis (includes stratum lucidum)

striatum lucidum

Found in palms of hands and soles of feet

Epidermis is 0.4-0.6 mm thick

No hair follicles or sebaceous glands

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15
Q

Thin skin lacks ____ – has ____ layers in epidermis

Covers…

Epidermis is _____ mm thick

A

Thin skin lacks stratum lucidum – has four layers in epidermis

Covers most of body

Epidermis is 0.075-0.150 mm thick

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16
Q

epidermal strata

From superficial to deep:

1. 
2.
3. 
4.
5.
A

From superficial to deep:

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum (found only in thick skin)
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
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17
Q

stratum basale

____ layer of cells, lots of ___
Cells are adjacent to the ____

A

Single layer of cells, lots of mitosis

Cells are adjacent to the dermis

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18
Q

stratum basale

Cell types include:

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Tactile cells

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19
Q

Keratinocytes: Most ___; produce____ - protects and makes skin ____

Melanocytes: Produce pigment ___ - absorbs ___t to prevent ___
—Cytoplasmic processes transfer ___to other skin cells

Tactile cells: Sensitive to __

A

Keratinocytes: Most abundant; produce tough keratin - protects and makes skin water resistant

Melanocytes: Produce pigment melanin - absorbs UV light to prevent DNA damage
–Cytoplasmic processes transfer melanin to other skin cells

Tactile cells: Sensitive to touch

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20
Q

stratum spinosum

Several ______

Daughter cells from stratum basale differentiate into …

Contains some ____ cells

  • –Immune cells that help…
  • –____ that initiate an immune response
A

Several cells thick

Daughter cells from stratum basale differentiate into nondividing, specialized keratinocytes

Contains some epidermal dendritic cells

  • -Immune cells that help fight infection
  • -Phagocytes that initiate an immune response
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21
Q

stratum granulosum

Three to five layers of ___

  1. Cytoplasm fills with ____
  2. Organelles begin to ___
  3. Fully keratinized cells are ___
  4. _____ form epidermal water barrier
A

Three to five layers of keratinocytes

  1. Cytoplasm fills with keratin filaments
  2. Organelles begin to degrade
  3. Fully keratinized cells are dead but strong
  4. Extracellular lipids form epidermal water barrier
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22
Q

stratum lucidum

____,____ region, ___ to ___ layers thick

Present only in….
–Palms of the hands and soles of the feet

Cells lack organelles and are filled with _____, a transparent, intermediate product of ____ maturation

A

Thin, translucent region, two to three layers thick

Present only in thick skin
—Palms of the hands and soles of the feet

Cells lack organelles and are filled with eleidin, a transparent, intermediate product of keratin maturation

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23
Q

stratum corneum

Most ___ layer of epidermis

Thickness varies from 20 to 30 layers of tightly packed cells

Comprised solely of _____
–Sloughed off by abrasion

A

Most superficial layer of epidermis

Thickness varies from 20 to 30 layers of tightly packed cells

Comprised solely of dead, anucleate keratinocytes
—Sloughed off by abrasion

24
Q

Skin color is determined by three pigments

A

hemoglobin
melanin
carotene

25
Q

Hemoglobin:
___pigment
color is

A

blood

red

26
Q

Melanin: Pigment produced by _____

  1. Increases with…
  2. Relative amounts of 2 types of melanin give people different ____
    - -All people have about same number of ____
A

Melanin: Pigment produced by melanocytes

  1. Increases with exposure to ultraviolet radiation
  2. Relative amounts of 2 types of melanin give people different complexions
    - –All people have about same number of melanocytes
27
Q

Carotene: _____ pigment from foods such as carrots; it builds up in the skin

A

Carotene: Yellow-orange pigment from foods such as carrots; it builds up in the skin

28
Q

variations in epidermis

Skin markings include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
A

Skin markings include:

  1. Nevus: Also called a mole; localized overgrowth of melanocytes
  2. Freckles: Yellow or brown spots of high melanocyte activity
  3. Hemangioma: Proliferation of blood vessels that form a benign tumor
  4. Friction ridges: Folds of epidermis and dermis on fingers, palms, soles, and toes; increase friction for grasping
29
Q

dermis

Lies deep to the ___

Composed of ___and ____connective tissues

Two layers:
____: Superficial; adjacent to epidermis
____: Deeper and thicker layer

A

Lies deep to the epidermis
Composed of areolar and dense irregular connective tissues

Two layers:
Papillary layer: Superficial; adjacent to epidermis
Reticular layer: Deeper and thicker layer

30
Q

papillary layer

____ of the dermis directly adjacent to the epidermis

Composed of…

___ & ___interlock, increasing the surface area between epidermis and dermis

Dermal papillae contain ____ that supply nutrients to the ____

A

Superficial region of the dermis directly adjacent to the epidermis

Composed of areolar connective tissue

Dermal papillae and epidermal ridges interlock, increasing the surface area between epidermis and dermis

Dermal papillae contain capillaries that supply nutrients to the epidermis

31
Q

Reticular Layer of the Dermis

___ that forms the ___ of the dermis

Comprised mainly of ____
—____ project in all directions

Includes many…

A

Deeper region that forms the majority of the dermis

Comprised mainly of dense irregular connective tissue
Large collagen bundles project in all directions

Includes many blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, and nerves

32
Q

Majority of ___ & ___ are oriented in parallel bundles at specific body locations

A

Majority of collagen and elastic fibers are oriented in parallel bundles at specific body locations

33
Q

Lines of cleavage identify the …

Clinical importance: Incisions….

A

Lines of cleavage identify the orientation of these fiber bundles (the collagen and elastic fibers that are oriented in parallel bundles)

Clinical importance: Incisions across these lines heal more slowly than incisions along these lines

34
Q

When skin is overstretched…

A

When skin is overstretched, collagen fibers may tear to form striae (stretch marks)

35
Q

Ultraviolet light exposure and aging reduce …., resulting in ____

A

Ultraviolet light exposure and aging reduce flexibility and thickness of the dermis, resulting in wrinkles

36
Q 
Nerve fibers are present in dermis
Functions:
1.
2.
3.
A

Tactile (touch) receptors
Control blood flow
Control glandular secretion

37
Q

innervation and blood supply

Dermis contains ____
Supply nutrients to ____
Important in ….

A

Dermis contains blood vessels

Supply nutrients to avascular epidermis

Important in controlling body temperature

38
Q

Vasoconstriction:

Vasodilation:

A

Vasoconstriction: Narrowing blood vessel diameter; used to shunt blood away from periphery

Vasodilation: Widening blood vessel diameter; used to move blood toward periphery for releasing heat

39
Q

subcutaneous layer

___to the integument

  1. Not actually part of the __
  2. Composed of___ & ___

Functions:
1.
2.
3.

A

Deep to the integument
Not actually part of the integument

Composed of areolar and adipose connective tissues

Functions:

  1. Protects underlying structures
  2. Stores energy
  3. Thermal insulation
40
Q

Structures that are epidermal derivatives include:

A

nails
hair
exocrine glands of skin

41
Q

NAILS

Scalelike modifications of the _____

The nail plate has a ___free edge, a pinkish ___, and a nail root that is covered by the skin

The nail body covers a layer of epidermis called the ___

Nail matrix:

Lunula: White semilunar proximal area of nail body caused by thickened..

A

Scalelike modifications of the stratum corneum

The nail plate has a whitish free edge, a pinkish nail body, and a nail root that is covered by the skin

The nail body covers a layer of epidermis called the nail bed

Nail matrix: Thickened growing part of the nail bed

Lunula: White semilunar proximal area of nail body caused by thickened underlying stratum basale obscuring capillaries in dermis

42
Q

hair

Pilus consists of…

Three hair types include:

A

Pilus consists of keratinocytes growing from follicles deep in dermis (often projecting to subcutaneous layer)

Three hair types include lanugo, vellus, and terminal hair

43
Q

Zones that make up a hair:
1.
2.
3.

A

Zones that make up a hair:

  1. Hair bulb: Deep swelling of epithelial cells where hair orginates
  2. Hair root: Portion that is deep to skin surface
  3. Hair shaft: Portion that extends beyond skin surface
44
Q

HAIR

Hair production occurs at \_\_\_
A hair has different layers
1.
2. 
3.
A

Hair production occurs at hair matrix

A hair has different layers

  1. Medulla: core of loose cells, air spaces
  2. Cortex: several layers of hardened, flattened cells
  3. Cuticle: outer coating
45
Q

HAIR

A ____ surrounds each hair
—Wall has connective tissue and epithelial tissue root sheaths

___ muscles attach to hair shaft
–Respond to emotions and cold temperatures by contracting, standing the hair up, therefore producing “goose bumps”

A

A hair follicle surrounds each hair
—Wall has connective tissue and epithelial tissue root sheaths

Arrector pili muscles attach to hair shaft
—-Respond to emotions and cold temperatures by contracting, standing the hair up, therefore producing “goose bumps”

46
Q

functions of hair

A 
Protection
Heat retention
Sensory reception
Visual identification
Chemical signal dispersal
47
Q

hair growth

Three stages of hair growth cycle

A

Anagen phase: active growth at hair bulb

Catagen phase: brief regression period (cell division ceases, follicle shrinks)

Telogen phase: resting phase; usual phase when hair is shed

48
Q

Alopecia is ____

____caused by genetic and hormonal factors

Hirsutism (airiness) is commonly caused by ____

A

Alopecia is hair thinning

Male pattern baldness caused by genetic and hormonal factors

Hirsutism (airiness) is commonly caused by excess androgens

49
Q

Main types of cutaneous glands:

  1. ____: Produce watery solution
    - –Merocrine and apocrine
  2. ____: Produce oily secretions
A

Sweat (sudoriferous) glands: Produce watery solution
Merocrine and apocrine

Sebaceous glands: Produce oily secretions

50
Q

functions of meroscrine sweat glands

A

Functions:
Thermoregulation
Secretion
Protection

51
Q

merocrine sweat glands

Simple ____that release secretions into a duct with a pore on skin’s surface

  • -Secretion is____% water, clear, and controlled by nervous system
  • -Numerous on palms of hands, soles of feet, and forehead
A

Simple coiled tubular glands that release secretions into a duct with a pore on skin’s surface

  • –Secretion is 99% water, clear, and controlled by nervous system
  • –Numerous on palms of hands, soles of feet, and forehead
52
Q

apocrine sweat glands

Simple ____ glands that secrete into hair follicles at the armpits (axillae), nipples (areola), groin (pubic region), and anus (anal region)

  • -Secretion is ….
  • -Bacterial growth causes ….
A

Simple coiled tubular glands that secrete into hair follicles at the armpits (axillae), nipples (areola), groin (pubic region), and anus (anal region)

  • –Secretion is thick, cloudy, and composed of proteins and lipids
  • –Bacterial growth causes distinct odor in these regions
53
Q

sebaceous glands

Secrete ____ into ___ or directly onto ____

  • -function?
  • -Relatively inactive during ____; sex hormones at puberty cause…
A

Secrete oily sebum into hair follicles or directly onto skin surface

  • -Lubrication; prevents drying of hair and skin
  • -Relatively inactive during childhood; sex hormones at puberty cause secretions to increase significantly
54
Q

Integument With age:

  1. Skin repair…
  2. __decreases; __declines
  3. ____diminishes
  4. Skin becomes ____
A
  1. Skin repair takes longer
  2. Collagen content decreases; elasticity declines
  3. Immune responsiveness diminishes
  4. Skin becomes drier
55
Q

integument with age

  1. Number of ___dereases; certain sun-exposed areas show ..
  2. ____ output declines
  3. _____ decreases
  4. UV radiation damages….
A
  1. Number of melanocytes dereases; certain sun-exposed areas show dark spots
  2. Hair follicle output declines
  3. Vitamin D synthesis decreases
  4. UV radiation damages skin cell DNA
56
Q

skin cancer

  1. Skin cancer is…
  2. _____ is predominant skin cancer risk factor
  3. Three main types of skin cancer:
A
  1. Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer
  2. Chronic sun exposure is predominant skin cancer risk factor
  3. Three main types of skin cancer:
    - -Basal cell carcinoma
    - –Squamous cell carcinoma
    - —Malignant melanoma
57
Q

Basal cell carcinoma:
Squamous cell carcinoma:
Malignant melanoma:

A

Basal cell carcinoma: most common, least dangerous
Starts in stratum basale

Squamous cell carcinoma: may metastasize
Starts in stratum spinosum

Malignant melanoma: most deadly
Starts from melanocytes (usually in a mole)

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

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