Chapter 5 Integumet Flashcards
what is integument?
skin = cutaneous membrane
integument is the body’s largest ___
organ
integument has two layers
Epidermis: Superficial layer of stratified squamous epithelium
Dermis: Deeper layer of areolar and dense irregular connective tissues
Subcutaneous layer
Not ….
lies under _____
composed of ___ & ____ tissue
Subcutaneous layer
Not part of skin
lies under dermis
composed of areolar and adipose tissue
Integument functions
protection prevention of water loss and gain temp regulation metabolic regulation immune defense sensory reception secretion
Protection function of inegument
Provides _____ protecting against _____
Protection from _____
Some ______ (selective permeability)
Protection
Provides physical barrier protecting against trauma
Protection from solar radiation
Some chemical absorption (selective permeability)
integument function of prevention of water loss/gain
skin is…
Skin is not ____ transepidermal water loss
Skin is water resistant
Skin is not waterproof: transepidermal water loss
integument function of temp regulation
____ of vessels
increased ___ & ___
____ of vessels in cold
Dilation of vessels,
increased sweating in warmth
Constriction of vessels in cold
integument function of metabolic regulation
_____is produced by some skin cells
Vitamin D is produced by some skin cells
Integument function of immune defense
_______cells help initiate immune responses
Epidermal dendritic cells help initiate immune responses
Integument function of sensory reception
Many _____ help detect changes in ___and ____
Many skin receptors help detect changes in temperature, touch
Integument function of secretion
____, ____ of hair and skin with sebum
Sweating, lubrication of hair and skin with sebum
epidermis
4 things about it
Epithelium of the skin
Avascular
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Composed of several layers (strata)
Thick skin contains \_\_\_\_ layers in epidermis includes the.. 1. Found in ... 2.Epidermis is \_\_\_\_ mm thick 3.No \_\_\_ or\_\_\_\_
Thick skin contains five layers in epidermis (includes stratum lucidum)
striatum lucidum
Found in palms of hands and soles of feet
Epidermis is 0.4-0.6 mm thick
No hair follicles or sebaceous glands
Thin skin lacks ____ – has ____ layers in epidermis
Covers…
Epidermis is _____ mm thick
Thin skin lacks stratum lucidum – has four layers in epidermis
Covers most of body
Epidermis is 0.075-0.150 mm thick
epidermal strata
From superficial to deep:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
From superficial to deep:
Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum (found only in thick skin) Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale
stratum basale
____ layer of cells, lots of ___
Cells are adjacent to the ____
Single layer of cells, lots of mitosis
Cells are adjacent to the dermis
stratum basale
Cell types include:
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Tactile cells
Keratinocytes: Most ___; produce____ - protects and makes skin ____
Melanocytes: Produce pigment ___ - absorbs ___t to prevent ___
—Cytoplasmic processes transfer ___to other skin cells
Tactile cells: Sensitive to __
Keratinocytes: Most abundant; produce tough keratin - protects and makes skin water resistant
Melanocytes: Produce pigment melanin - absorbs UV light to prevent DNA damage
–Cytoplasmic processes transfer melanin to other skin cells
Tactile cells: Sensitive to touch
stratum spinosum
Several ______
Daughter cells from stratum basale differentiate into …
Contains some ____ cells
- –Immune cells that help…
- –____ that initiate an immune response
Several cells thick
Daughter cells from stratum basale differentiate into nondividing, specialized keratinocytes
Contains some epidermal dendritic cells
- -Immune cells that help fight infection
- -Phagocytes that initiate an immune response
stratum granulosum
Three to five layers of ___
- Cytoplasm fills with ____
- Organelles begin to ___
- Fully keratinized cells are ___
- _____ form epidermal water barrier
Three to five layers of keratinocytes
- Cytoplasm fills with keratin filaments
- Organelles begin to degrade
- Fully keratinized cells are dead but strong
- Extracellular lipids form epidermal water barrier
stratum lucidum
____,____ region, ___ to ___ layers thick
Present only in….
–Palms of the hands and soles of the feet
Cells lack organelles and are filled with _____, a transparent, intermediate product of ____ maturation
Thin, translucent region, two to three layers thick
Present only in thick skin
—Palms of the hands and soles of the feet
Cells lack organelles and are filled with eleidin, a transparent, intermediate product of keratin maturation
stratum corneum
Most ___ layer of epidermis
Thickness varies from 20 to 30 layers of tightly packed cells
Comprised solely of _____
–Sloughed off by abrasion
Most superficial layer of epidermis
Thickness varies from 20 to 30 layers of tightly packed cells
Comprised solely of dead, anucleate keratinocytes
—Sloughed off by abrasion
Skin color is determined by three pigments
hemoglobin
melanin
carotene
Hemoglobin:
___pigment
color is
blood
red
Melanin: Pigment produced by _____
- Increases with…
- Relative amounts of 2 types of melanin give people different ____
- -All people have about same number of ____
Melanin: Pigment produced by melanocytes
- Increases with exposure to ultraviolet radiation
- Relative amounts of 2 types of melanin give people different complexions
- –All people have about same number of melanocytes
Carotene: _____ pigment from foods such as carrots; it builds up in the skin
Carotene: Yellow-orange pigment from foods such as carrots; it builds up in the skin
variations in epidermis
Skin markings include: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Skin markings include:
- Nevus: Also called a mole; localized overgrowth of melanocytes
- Freckles: Yellow or brown spots of high melanocyte activity
- Hemangioma: Proliferation of blood vessels that form a benign tumor
- Friction ridges: Folds of epidermis and dermis on fingers, palms, soles, and toes; increase friction for grasping
dermis
Lies deep to the ___
Composed of ___and ____connective tissues
Two layers:
____: Superficial; adjacent to epidermis
____: Deeper and thicker layer
Lies deep to the epidermis
Composed of areolar and dense irregular connective tissues
Two layers:
Papillary layer: Superficial; adjacent to epidermis
Reticular layer: Deeper and thicker layer
papillary layer
____ of the dermis directly adjacent to the epidermis
Composed of…
___ & ___interlock, increasing the surface area between epidermis and dermis
Dermal papillae contain ____ that supply nutrients to the ____
Superficial region of the dermis directly adjacent to the epidermis
Composed of areolar connective tissue
Dermal papillae and epidermal ridges interlock, increasing the surface area between epidermis and dermis
Dermal papillae contain capillaries that supply nutrients to the epidermis
Reticular Layer of the Dermis
___ that forms the ___ of the dermis
Comprised mainly of ____
—____ project in all directions
Includes many…
Deeper region that forms the majority of the dermis
Comprised mainly of dense irregular connective tissue
Large collagen bundles project in all directions
Includes many blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, and nerves
Majority of ___ & ___ are oriented in parallel bundles at specific body locations
Majority of collagen and elastic fibers are oriented in parallel bundles at specific body locations
Lines of cleavage identify the …
Clinical importance: Incisions….
Lines of cleavage identify the orientation of these fiber bundles (the collagen and elastic fibers that are oriented in parallel bundles)
Clinical importance: Incisions across these lines heal more slowly than incisions along these lines
When skin is overstretched…
When skin is overstretched, collagen fibers may tear to form striae (stretch marks)
Ultraviolet light exposure and aging reduce …., resulting in ____
Ultraviolet light exposure and aging reduce flexibility and thickness of the dermis, resulting in wrinkles
Nerve fibers are present in dermis Functions: 1. 2. 3.
Tactile (touch) receptors
Control blood flow
Control glandular secretion
innervation and blood supply
Dermis contains ____
Supply nutrients to ____
Important in ….
Dermis contains blood vessels
Supply nutrients to avascular epidermis
Important in controlling body temperature
Vasoconstriction:
Vasodilation:
Vasoconstriction: Narrowing blood vessel diameter; used to shunt blood away from periphery
Vasodilation: Widening blood vessel diameter; used to move blood toward periphery for releasing heat
subcutaneous layer
___to the integument
- Not actually part of the __
- Composed of___ & ___
Functions:
1.
2.
3.
Deep to the integument
Not actually part of the integument
Composed of areolar and adipose connective tissues
Functions:
- Protects underlying structures
- Stores energy
- Thermal insulation
Structures that are epidermal derivatives include:
nails
hair
exocrine glands of skin
NAILS
Scalelike modifications of the _____
The nail plate has a ___free edge, a pinkish ___, and a nail root that is covered by the skin
The nail body covers a layer of epidermis called the ___
Nail matrix:
Lunula: White semilunar proximal area of nail body caused by thickened..
Scalelike modifications of the stratum corneum
The nail plate has a whitish free edge, a pinkish nail body, and a nail root that is covered by the skin
The nail body covers a layer of epidermis called the nail bed
Nail matrix: Thickened growing part of the nail bed
Lunula: White semilunar proximal area of nail body caused by thickened underlying stratum basale obscuring capillaries in dermis
hair
Pilus consists of…
Three hair types include:
Pilus consists of keratinocytes growing from follicles deep in dermis (often projecting to subcutaneous layer)
Three hair types include lanugo, vellus, and terminal hair
Zones that make up a hair:
1.
2.
3.
Zones that make up a hair:
- Hair bulb: Deep swelling of epithelial cells where hair orginates
- Hair root: Portion that is deep to skin surface
- Hair shaft: Portion that extends beyond skin surface
HAIR
Hair production occurs at \_\_\_ A hair has different layers 1. 2. 3.
Hair production occurs at hair matrix
A hair has different layers
- Medulla: core of loose cells, air spaces
- Cortex: several layers of hardened, flattened cells
- Cuticle: outer coating
HAIR
A ____ surrounds each hair
—Wall has connective tissue and epithelial tissue root sheaths
___ muscles attach to hair shaft
–Respond to emotions and cold temperatures by contracting, standing the hair up, therefore producing “goose bumps”
A hair follicle surrounds each hair
—Wall has connective tissue and epithelial tissue root sheaths
Arrector pili muscles attach to hair shaft
—-Respond to emotions and cold temperatures by contracting, standing the hair up, therefore producing “goose bumps”
functions of hair
Protection Heat retention Sensory reception Visual identification Chemical signal dispersal
hair growth
Three stages of hair growth cycle
Anagen phase: active growth at hair bulb
Catagen phase: brief regression period (cell division ceases, follicle shrinks)
Telogen phase: resting phase; usual phase when hair is shed
Alopecia is ____
____caused by genetic and hormonal factors
Hirsutism (airiness) is commonly caused by ____
Alopecia is hair thinning
Male pattern baldness caused by genetic and hormonal factors
Hirsutism (airiness) is commonly caused by excess androgens
Main types of cutaneous glands:
- ____: Produce watery solution
- –Merocrine and apocrine - ____: Produce oily secretions
Sweat (sudoriferous) glands: Produce watery solution
Merocrine and apocrine
Sebaceous glands: Produce oily secretions
functions of meroscrine sweat glands
Functions:
Thermoregulation
Secretion
Protection
merocrine sweat glands
Simple ____that release secretions into a duct with a pore on skin’s surface
- -Secretion is____% water, clear, and controlled by nervous system
- -Numerous on palms of hands, soles of feet, and forehead
Simple coiled tubular glands that release secretions into a duct with a pore on skin’s surface
- –Secretion is 99% water, clear, and controlled by nervous system
- –Numerous on palms of hands, soles of feet, and forehead
apocrine sweat glands
Simple ____ glands that secrete into hair follicles at the armpits (axillae), nipples (areola), groin (pubic region), and anus (anal region)
- -Secretion is ….
- -Bacterial growth causes ….
Simple coiled tubular glands that secrete into hair follicles at the armpits (axillae), nipples (areola), groin (pubic region), and anus (anal region)
- –Secretion is thick, cloudy, and composed of proteins and lipids
- –Bacterial growth causes distinct odor in these regions
sebaceous glands
Secrete ____ into ___ or directly onto ____
- -function?
- -Relatively inactive during ____; sex hormones at puberty cause…
Secrete oily sebum into hair follicles or directly onto skin surface
- -Lubrication; prevents drying of hair and skin
- -Relatively inactive during childhood; sex hormones at puberty cause secretions to increase significantly
Integument With age:
- Skin repair…
- __decreases; __declines
- ____diminishes
- Skin becomes ____
- Skin repair takes longer
- Collagen content decreases; elasticity declines
- Immune responsiveness diminishes
- Skin becomes drier
integument with age
- Number of ___dereases; certain sun-exposed areas show ..
- ____ output declines
- _____ decreases
- UV radiation damages….
- Number of melanocytes dereases; certain sun-exposed areas show dark spots
- Hair follicle output declines
- Vitamin D synthesis decreases
- UV radiation damages skin cell DNA
skin cancer
- Skin cancer is…
- _____ is predominant skin cancer risk factor
- Three main types of skin cancer:
- Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer
- Chronic sun exposure is predominant skin cancer risk factor
- Three main types of skin cancer:
- -Basal cell carcinoma
- –Squamous cell carcinoma
- —Malignant melanoma
Basal cell carcinoma:
Squamous cell carcinoma:
Malignant melanoma:
Basal cell carcinoma: most common, least dangerous
Starts in stratum basale
Squamous cell carcinoma: may metastasize
Starts in stratum spinosum
Malignant melanoma: most deadly
Starts from melanocytes (usually in a mole)
