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Human Anatomy > chapter 4 - tissues > Flashcards

chapter 4 - tissues Flashcards

1
Q

A tissue is a ….

A

A tissue is a group of similar cells and extracellular products that perform a common function

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2
Q

The _____ of different tissues varies in structure and function

Generally composed of ___, ___, & ___

__, __, and ___is different across tissues

A

he extracellular matrix of different tissues varies in structure and function
Generally composed of water, protein fibers, dissolved molecules
Composition, volume and consistency is different across tissues

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3
Q

Four types of tissue in the body:

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

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4
Q

muscle tissue

general characteristics

A

contractile

receives stimulation from nervous system and/or endocrine system

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5
Q

Muscle tissue

general functions

A

facilitates movement of skeletal or organ walls

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6
Q

muscle tissue

primary germ layer derivative

A

mesoderm

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7
Q

muscle tissue

subtypes

A

skeletal muscle: attached to bones
cardiac muscle: heart
smooth muscle: digestive tract

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8
Q

nervous tissue

two components and brief descriptions

A

neurons: excitable, high metabolic rate, extreme longevity, non mitotic

glial cells: non excitable and mitotic

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9
Q

nervous tissue

functions

A

neurons: control activities and process info

glial cells: support and protect neurons

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10
Q

primary germ layer of nervous tissue

A

ectoderm

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11
Q

epithelial tissue

general characteristics

A

cellular. polar, attached, avascular, innervated, high regeneration capacity

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12
Q

Epithelial tissue

functions

A

covers surfaces

lines insides of organs and body cavities

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13
Q

epithelial primary germ layer

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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14
Q

epithelial tissue

subtypes

A 
simple columnar (lining of digestive)
stratified squamous (epidermis of skin)
transitional (lining of bladder)
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15
Q

connective tissue

general characteristics

A

diverse types
all contain cells
protein fibers

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16
Q

connective tissue

functions

A

protects
binds together
supports organs

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17
Q

connective tissue

primary germ layer

A

mesoderm

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18
Q

connective tissue

subtypes

A 
adipose  - fat
dense regular  -ligament and tendons
dense irregular - dermis of skin
hyaline cartilage - some joints
fluid  - blood and lymph
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19
Q

Muscle is comprised of cells called ___

When cells are active, internal changes cause them to ___

The result of shortening is ___

Examples: Movement of bones, blood, food, semen, urine

A

Muscle is comprised of cells called fibers

When cells are active, internal changes cause them to shorten

The result of shortening is movement

Examples: Movement of bones, blood, food, semen, urine

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20
Q

skeletal muscles

Skeletal muscle fibers are:
___&___ (some as long as whole muscle)

_____

_____ and _____

Attached to ____ and sometimes skin

A

Skeletal muscle fibers are:

Cylindrical and long (some as long as whole muscle)

Multinucleated

Striated (striped internal appearance) and voluntary

Attached to bones of skeleton and sometimes skin

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21
Q

skeletal muscle

___, ___, & ____fibers
Multiple ___ in periphery of each fiber
Moves ____
Attaches to ____

A

Long, cylindrical, striated fibers
Multiple nuclei in periphery of each fiber
Moves body (voluntary control)
Attaches to bone and/or skin

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22
Q

cardiac muscle

Found in ___

Cells are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Contraction causes ____

A

Found in wall of the heart (myocardium)

Cells are:

  1. Branched and shorter than skeletal fiber cells
  2. Striated
  3. Involuntary
  4. Attached end-to-end by strong gap junctions at intercalated discs that allow rapid passage of electrical current from one cell to the next during each heartbeat

Contraction causes movement of blood

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23
Q

cardiac muscle

___, bifurcated, & ___ fibers

One or two ___ in center of each fiber

____ between cells

Pumping action moves ___

Located in ____

A

Short, bifurcated, striated fibers

One or two nuclei in center of each fiber

Intercalated discs between cells

Pumping action moves blood

Located in heart wall

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24
Q

smooth muscle

Found in walls of ___

Examples:

Cells are:
Relatively __, ___ in the middle, and ___ at the ends (fusiform)
Not ___
Contraction causes…

A

Found in walls of most internal organs

Examples: Stomach, intestines, urinary bladder

Cells are:
Relatively short, wide in the middle, and tapered at the ends (fusiform)
Not striated
Contraction causes involuntary movement of food, blood, sperm

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25
Q

smooth muscle

___, ___, ____ cells

One ___ in center of each cell

Moves material through ____ (involuntary)

Located in walls of many hollow organs including ____

A

Nonstriated, short, fusiform cells

One nucleus in center of each cell

Moves material through internal organs (involuntary)

Located in walls of many hollow organs including intestines

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26
Q

nervous tissue

Two types of cells in nervous tissue:

A

Two types of cells in nervous tissue:

Neurons
Glial cells

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27
Q

Neurons:

Each cell has a prominent cell body, branches of ___ that receive signals, and a long ___ that carries signals toward other cells

A

Neurons: Nerve cells capable of initiating and conducting electrical activity throughout the body

Each cell has a prominent cell body, branches of dendrites that receive signals, and a long axon that carries signals toward other cells

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28
Q

Glial cells:

___ and ___

Found in… (3)

A

Glial cells: Cells that support and protect neurons

Communication and control of body functions

Found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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29
Q

nervous tissue

Contains neurons with fibrous processes called ___ and ___ and glial cells

3 functions:

Located in….

A

Contains neurons with fibrous processes (dendrites and axons) and glial cells

Process and store information, control body systems

Located in central (brain, spinal cord) and peripheral nervous systems

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30
Q

epithelial tissue

Epithelial tissue lines every ____ and all ____

Organs are lined on the __ & ___ by epithelial tissue

The majority of ___ are derived from epithelial tissue

Epithelial tissue possesses little to no ____

A

Epithelial tissue lines every body surface and all body cavities

Organs are lined on the outside and inside by epithelial tissue

The majority of glands are derived from epithelial tissue

Epithelial tissue possesses little to no extracellular matrix

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31
Q

All epithelia are:

A

All epithelia are: cellular, polar, attached to a basement membrane, avascular, richly innervated, and regenerative

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32
Q

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

A 
cellularity 
polarity
attachment
avascularity
innervation
high regeneration capacity
physical protection
selective permeability
secretion
sensation
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33
Q

Cellularity: Composed almost entirely of __ - little ______

—-Cells are bound together by several types of ______

A

Cellularity: Composed almost entirely of cells - little extracellular matrix
—Cells are bound together by several types of intercellular junctions

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34
Q

Polarity: Epithelial cells have an ___ & a ___

Apical surface is ____

Basal surface is attached to _____ underneath it

A

Polarity: Epithelial cells have an apical surface and a basal surface

Apical surface is exposed

Basal surface is attached to connective tissue underneath it

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35
Q

epithelial tissue

Attachment:

A

Attachment: Basal surface attaches to basemement membrane - molecules produced by both epithelial and neighboring connective tissues

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36
Q

epithelial tissue

avascularity

A

Epithelial tissues lack blood vessels

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37
Q

epithelial tissue

innervation

A

Epithelia are richly innervated to detect changes in environment (externally or internally)

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38
Q

epithelial tissue

high regeneration

A

Because exposed apical surface is frequently damaged, epithelial cells are quickly replaced

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39
Q

epithelial tissue

physical protection

A

Defend against dehydration and abrasion, as well as physical, chemical, and biological agents

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40
Q

epithelial tissue

selective permeability

A

Regulate passage of molecules in or out of certain regions of the body

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41
Q

epithelial tissue

secretion

A

Secrete substances for use in the body (e.g., hormone) or for elimination from the body (e.g., sweat)

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42
Q

epithelial tissue

sensation

A

Possess nerve endings that can detect light, taste, sound, smell, and hearing

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43
Q

Specialized Structures of Epithelial Tissue

The _____ is a specialized structure of epithelium

Found between ___ & _____

Provides __ ____ and anchoring of epithelial tissue

Acts as a barrier regulating passage of large molecules between ___ & ____

A

The basement membrane is a specialized structure of epithelium

Found between epithelium and underlying connective tissue

Provides physical support and anchoring of epithelial tissue

Acts as a barrier regulating passage of large molecules between epithelium and connective tissue

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44
Q

Specialized Structures of Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial cells are strongly bound to each other on their ___ surfaces by membrane specializations called ___

There are several types of these junctions:
(4)

A

Epithelial cells are strongly bound to each other on their lateral surfaces by membrane specializations called intercellular junctions

There are several types of these junctions:
Tight junctions
Adhering junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
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45
Q

tight junctions

Encircle cells near…

Prevent molecules from ….

So that molecules must go through epithelial cells rather than in between them
“Gatekeepers” between an ….

A

Encircle cells near their apical surface
Prevent molecules from traveling between epithelial cells

So that molecules must go through epithelial cells rather than in between them
“Gatekeepers” between an external and internal environment

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46
Q

adhering junctions

Formed completely around the cell deep to the ____

___ act like a purse string to stabilize the apical surface of the epithelial cell

A

Formed completely around the cell deep to the tight junction

Microfilaments act like a purse string to stabilize the apical surface of the epithelial cell

47
Q

desmosomes

-Like a ___ between adjacent cells
Appear at locations of …

Consist of a ____ on each of the apposed cell membranes with a fine network of proteins spanning the intercellular space between the plaques

On the cytoplasmic side, intermediate filaments attach to the plaques and provide ___ & ____

Some basal epithelial cells have _____ anchoring them to basement membrane

A

Like a button or snap between adjacent cells
Appear at locations of mechanical stress between cells sharing this type of junction

Consist of a thickened protein plaque on each of the apposed cell membranes with a fine network of proteins spanning the intercellular space between the plaques’

On the cytoplasmic side, intermediate filaments attach to the plaques and provide support and stability

Some basal epithelial cells have hemidesmosomes anchoring them to basement membrane

48
Q

Gap junctions span the intercellular space between…

A Connexon is a group of membrane proteins…

The ____ connects the cytoplasms of the two cells

Allow adjacent cells to _____ by the flow of ions and small molecules

A

Gap junctions span the intercellular space between neighboring cells
A Connexon is a group of membrane proteins that forms a pore
The fluid filled pore connects the cytoplasms of the two cells
Allow adjacent cells to communicate with each other by the flow of ions and small molecules

49
Q

Classification of Epithelial Tissue

Many different types of epithelial tissue

Classified according to two criteria:
1.
2.

A

Classification of Epithelial Tissue

Many different types of epithelial tissue

Classified according to two criteria:
Number of layers of cells
Shape of the cells

50
Q

classification by number of cell layers

A

simple epithelium
stratified epithelium
pseudostratified epithelium

51
Q

Simple epithelium:

Consists of …
All cells have ….

A

Simple epithelium: Consists of a single layer of cells

All cells have an apical surface and attach to the basement membrane

52
Q

Stratified epithelium:
Consist of …
Not all cells have _____ nor do all cells attach to____

A

Stratified epithelium: Consist of two or more layers of cells

Not all cells have an apical surface nor do all cells attach to the basement membrane

53
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium:

Appears to have____, but all cells attach to _____

A subtype of _____

A

Pseudostratified epithelium:

Appears to have multiple layers, but all cells attach to the basement membrane

A subtype of simple epithelium

54
Q

classification by cell shape

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

55
Q

Squamous:

Cuboidal:

Columnar:

A

Squamous: Flat, wide, and somewhat irregular in shape

Cuboidal: About the same size on all sides; nucleus is usually centrally located

Columnar: Taller than they are wide; nucleus is oval and located in basal region of the cell

56
Q

simple squamous epithelium

what is it?
allows for?

A

Single layer of flat cells

Allows for rapid exchange

57
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

what is it?
allows for?

A

Single layer of boxy cells

Allows for absorption, secretion

58
Q

Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

  • what is it?
  • No ____
  • Allow ___ & ____
  • Especially secretion of ____

-Example: lining of intestine

A

Single layer of tall, narrow cells
No cilia present

Allow absorption and secretion
Especially secretion of mucin

Example: lining of intestine

59
Q

Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

  • Single layer of …
  • Allow for…
  • Example: uterine tube
A
  • Single layer of tall, narrow, ciliated cells
  • Allow for secretion, movement of material across free surface
  • Example: uterine tube
60
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Single layer of …
- Some examples are ____

what is the function?

A
  • Single layer of narrow cells with varying heights
  • Some examples are ciliated

Protection; ciliated form secretes mucin, moves mucus

61
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Multiple ____, apical cells are ____

Apical cells may or may not be _____

A

Multiple layers, apical cells are flat

Apical cells may or may not be keratinized

62
Q

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Multiple ...
Apical cells are \_\_\_\_\_
Superficial layers of cells contain ...
Function: \_\_\_
Example: epidermis of skin
A 
Multiple layers of cells
Apical cells are dead, flat
Superficial layers of cells contain tough, protective keratin
Function: protection
Example: epidermis of skin
63
Q

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Multiple….
Flat, apical cells are …
Function: _____
Example: lining of vagina

A

Multiple layers of cells
Flat, apical cells are alive and moist
Function: protection
Example: lining of vagina

64
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Multiple….
apical cells are ____
___ and _____
Example: lining of sweat gland duct

A

Multiple layers of cells,
apical cells are boxy
Protection and secretion
Example: lining of sweat gland duct

65
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

Multiple….
apical cells are _____
___ and _____
Example: part of male urethra

A

Multiple layers of cells, apical cells are elongated
Protection and secretion
Example: part of male urethra

66
Q

transitional epithelium

Multiple…
apical cell shape ….
Can __ or ____depending on how ____it is
Lining of urinary tract

A

Multiple layers
apical cell shape varies depending on degree of stretch
Can distend or recoil depending on how stretched it is
Lining of urinary tract

67
Q

two types of glands

A

endocrine

exocrine

68
Q

glands

___ or ____
Perform a ____ fxn
Produce …..

A

Individual cells or multicellular organs

Perform a secretory function

Produce mucin, hormones, enzymes, waste products

69
Q

endocrine
do not?
secrete directly into?

exocrine
possess?
secrete products into?

A

Endocrine glands do not possess ducts; secrete directly into interstitial fluid or bloodstream

Exocrine glands possess ducts and their cells secrete products into their ducts

70
Q

Structure of Exocrine Glands

__ ___ are unicellular exocrine glands
Multicellular exocrine glands are often enclosed in a ___
–Inside the capsule, the gland is divided into ____
–A connective tissue ___ does what?
–Microscopic lobules contain …

A

Goblet cells are unicellular exocrine glands
Multicellular exocrine glands are often enclosed in a fibrous capsule
–Inside the capsule, the gland is divided into lobes
–A connective tissue stroma supports and organizes the gland
–Microscopic lobules contain secretory acini and ducts

71
Q

Classification of Exocrine Glands

  1. Gland structural categorization depends on the ___ of the duct and the ____of the secretory portion
    - -Ducts type distinguishes ___ from ___
    - -Secretory portion can be ___, ___ or ____
A
  1. Gland structural categorization depends on the complexity of the duct and the shape of the secretory portion
    - –Ducts type distinguishes simple from compound glands
    - —Secretory portion can be tubular, acinar or tubuloacinar
72
Q

Classification of Exocrine Glands

Types of secretion mechanisms
3 of them

A

Types of secretion mechanisms

  • –Merocrine: secrete products from vesicles via exocytosis
  • —Holocrine: cell accumulates product, then disintegrates
  • —Apocrine: product stored in apical part of cell that pinches off
73
Q

secretion mech of exocrine

Merocrine:
Holocrine:
Apocrine:

A

Merocrine: secrete products from vesicles via exocytosis

Holocrine: cell accumulates product, then disintegrates

Apocrine: product stored in apical part of cell that pinches off

74
Q

Classification of Exocrine Glands

  1. Gland secretion types are ___, ___ or ____
    - -Serous glands produce …
    - -Mucous glands secrete ____
    - -Mixed glands produce a mixture of ___ and ____ seretions (e.g. salivary glands under oral cavity)
A

Gland secretion types are serous, mucous, or mixed

  • –Serous glands produce watery fluids (such as sweat)
  • –Mucous glands secrete mucin
  • –Mixed glands produce a mixture of watery and mucoid secretions (e.g. salivary glands under oral cavity)
75
Q

Connective tissue is the most ….

It is the ___of the body

Includes …

A

Connective tissue is the most diverse, abundant, widely distributed, and structurally varied of the four main tissue types

It is the “glue” of the body

Includes blood, tendons, ligaments, fat, bones, cartilage

76
Q

characteristics of connective tissue

A

cells
protein fibers
ground substance

77
Q

connective tissue

Cells: Different ___ in different types of ____
Examples include ___ ___ ___

Protein fibers: ___ ___ ___

Ground substance: A mixture of ___ & ____with variable amounts of ___ & ____
-Protein fibers and ground substance comprise the _____

A

Cells: Different cells in different types of connective tissue
Examples include fibroblasts, osteocytes, and adipocytes

Protein fibers: Elastic fibers, collagen, reticular fibers

Ground substance: A mixture of proteins and carbohydrates with variable amounts of salts and water
-Protein fibers and ground substance comprise the extracellular matrix

78
Q

Functions of connective tissue

6

A 
Physical protection
Support and structural framework
Binding of structures
Storage
Transport
Immune protection
79
Q

development of connective tissue

Arises from ___

Two types of embryonic CT:
1.
2.

A

Arises from mesoderm

Two types of embryonic CT:

  1. Mesenchyme: The source of all adult connective tissue
  2. Mucous connective tissue: Found in umbilical cord
80
Q

classification of connective tissue

Types present after birth can be classified into three broad categories:

A

Types present after birth can be classified into three broad categories:

  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Supporting connective tissue
  3. Fluid connective tissue
81
Q

Connective tissue proper includes multiple subtypes

Subtypes vary in ___ & ____ and in properties of ____

A

Connective tissue proper includes multiple subtypes

Subtypes vary in number and types of cell and in properties of extracellular matrix

82
Q

There are two groups of cells in connective tissue proper:

  1. ____ cells
  2. ____cells
A

There are two groups of cells in connective tissue proper:

Resident cells: Include fibroblasts, adipocytes, fixed macrophages, and mesenchymal cells

Wandering cells: Include mast cells, plasma cells, free macrophages, and other leukocytes

83
Q

protein fibers of connective tissue proper

Three types of fibers produced by cells and secreted into the extracellular matrix:

A

collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers

84
Q

Collagen fibers: ___, ___ & ___ cables

  • -Collagen is the most …
  • -Called “__ ___” (e.g. in tendons and ligaments)
A

Collagen fibers: long, strong, flexible cables

  • -Collagen is the most abundant protein in human body
  • -Called “white fibers” (e.g. in tendons and ligaments)
85
Q

Elastic fibers: ___ than collagen, ___ easily, ___and ___

Allow structures such as blood vessels to __ ___

A

Elastic fibers: Thinner than collagen, stretch easily, branch, and rejoin

Allow structures such as blood vessels to stretch and relax

86
Q

Reticular fibers: ___ than collagen fibers; form a ___/___ framework

Found in the stroma of organs with ___ ____ such as liver, lymph nodes, and spleen

A

Reticular fibers: Thinner than collagen fibers; form a branching, woven framework

Found in the stroma of organs with abundant spaces such as liver, lymph nodes, and spleen

87
Q

Ground Substance of Connective Tissue Proper

A combination of ___ & ___

Texture is usually ___

Additional content such as ___ & ___ can result in a texture anywhere from ___ to ___

A

A combination of proteins and carbohydrates

Texture is usually gelatinous

Additional content such as water and salts can result in a texture anywhere from semi-fluid (adipose) to hard (bone)

88
Q

categories of connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper is classified into two categories:

Loose connective tissue
Dense connective tissue

89
Q

Loose connective tissue: Serves as the body’s ____, found in spaces around ___

Types include

A

Loose connective tissue: Serves as the body’s packing material, found in spaces around organs
Types include areolar, adipose, and reticular

90
Q

Dense connective tissue:
___, has …

Types include…

A

Dense connective tissue: Strong, has fibers (mostly collagen) packed tightly together
Types include dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic

91
Q

Areolar Connective Tissue

describe it

___ and ____; connects ____ to deeper tissues

Example: papillary layer of dermis

A

Scattered fibroblasts, abundant ground substance, web of fibers

Surrounds and protects; connects epithelia to deeper tissues

Example: papillary layer of dermis

92
Q

Adipose Connective Tissue

what is it?

Stores ___, cushions ___, and ___
Example: subcutaneous fat

A

Tightly packed adipocytes

Stores energy, cushions organs, insulates

Example: subcutaneous fat

93
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue

Scattered ____, _____, reticular fibers; ___/___ substance

Provides __ ___
Example: stroma of spleen

A

Scattered fibroblasts, white blood cells, reticular fibers; gel-like ground substance

Provides supportive framework

Example: stroma of spleen

94
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Densely packed ____, fibroblasts, scarce _____

Resists ___ in ____

Example: tendons

A

Densely packed parallel collagen fibers, fibroblasts, scarce ground substance

Resists stress in one direction

Example: tendons

95
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

____ collagen fibers, fibroblasts, ___ substance

Resists ___ in ____
Example: dermis

A

Randomly arranged collagen fibers, fibroblasts, ground substance

Resists stress in all directions
Example: dermis

96
Q

Elastic Connective Tissue

Many ____, fibroblasts, ____ substance

Allows ____
Example: walls of large, elastic arteries

A

Many branching elastic fibers, fibroblasts, ground substance

Allows stretching
Example: walls of large, elastic arteries

97
Q

Two types of supporting connective tissue:

A

Two types of supporting connective tissue:
Cartilage
Bone

98
Q

cartilage

Firm, gel-like extracellular matrix composed of…

Cells are called ____
and they occupy small spaces enclosed by their extracellular matrix called lacunae

___ and ____ to provide ___ and withstand deformation

Usually covered by ____
—Dense irregular connective tissue and stem cells for cartilage growth

A

Firm, gel-like extracellular matrix composed of protein and ground substance

Cells are called chondrocytes

Chondrocytes occupy small spaces enclosed by their extracellular matrix called lacunae

Strong and resilient to provide support and withstand deformation

Usually covered by perichondrium
—Dense irregular connective tissue and stem cells for cartilage growth

99
Q

There are three types of cartilage:

A

There are three types of cartilage:
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

100
Q

hyaline cartilage

__ ___; chondrocytes in lacunae

_____ type of cartilage, but also the ____

Smooths ___ ___, model for ____
Example: articular cartilage of long bones

A

Glassy matrix; chondrocytes in lacunae

Most common type of cartilage, but also the weakest

Smooths joint surfaces, model for bone growth
Example: articular cartilage of long bones

101
Q

Fibrocartilage

____ in matrix; chondrocytes in lacunae

Absorbs ____
Example: intervertebral discs

A

Parallel collagen fibers in matrix; chondrocytes in lacunae

Absorbs shock
Example: intervertebral discs

102
Q

Bone

Two-thirds of bone’s weight is ___; one-third is ___

Organic parts provide ___
Inorganic parts provide ____

A

Two-thirds of bone’s weight is inorganic (mostly calcium salts); one-third is organic (collagen and other proteins)

Organic parts provide flexibility
Inorganic parts provide compressional strength

103
Q

bone

Periosteum:

Mature bone cells are called ___

A

Periosteum: dense irregular connective tissue covering

Mature bone cells are called osteocytes

104
Q

Two forms of bone:

A

Compact bone is arranged in cylindrical osteons of concentric lamellae

Spaces within spongy bone house hemopoietic cells that generate blood cells

105
Q

Compact bone

Calcified matrix organized in ___

Protects ___, provides ___ for ___, stores ___
Example: bones of body

A

Calcified matrix organized in osteons

Protects organs, provides levers for movement, stores calcium
Example: bones of body

106
Q

Fluid Connective Tissue

Fluid connective tissue refers to…

A

Fluid connective tissue refers to blood and lymph

107
Q

Blood consists of:

A

Blood consists of:

Plasma: A watery ground substance containing protein fibers
Erythrocytes: Red blood cells
Leukocytes: White blood cells
Platelets: Fragments of blood cells involved in blood clotting

108
Q

Lymph is derived from ____—has no formed elements

A

Lymph is derived from plasma—has no formed elements

109
Q

Blood

Contains __, ___, & ___

Transports …
governs…
Found in…

A

Contains blood cells, platelets, and plasma

Transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones;

governs immune response

Found in heart and in blood vessels throughout body

110
Q

body membranes do what?

A

Membranes line the major body cavities and cover organ surfaces

111
Q

body membranes

A
  1. Mucous membranes line passages that open to external environment
  2. Serous membranes (e.g., pericardium) have two layers (parietal and visceral) and secrete friction-reducing fluid between them
  3. Cutaneous membrane is the skin (epidermis and dermis)
  4. Synovial membranes line the cavities of some joints and secrete friction reducing fluid there
112
Q

Tissue change and aging

Tissues often undergo changes in— & ___with aging

Epithelia thin, connective tissues lose ___

Repair processes lose ___

A

Tissues often undergo changes in structure and chemical composition with aging

Epithelia thin, connective tissues lose pliability

Repair processes lose efficiency

113
Q

aging tissue

Metaplasia: Epithelia lining respiratory airways of people who smoke change from ___ to ___

Hypertrophy: An increase in the ____of existing cells

Hyperplasia: An increase in ____ in a tissue

Neoplasia: _____, which forms a tumor

Atrophy: _____ of tissue by cell size or number

A

Metaplasia: Epithelia lining respiratory airways of people who smoke change from pseudostratified ciliated to stratified squamous

Hypertrophy: An increase in the size of existing cells

Hyperplasia: An increase in number of cells in a tissue

Neoplasia: Out-of-control growth, which forms a tumor

Atrophy: Shrinkage of tissue by cell size or number

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

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