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Human Nutrition > Chapter 9 - Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of metabolism?

A

any chemical process that happens in your body

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2
Q

What are catabolic reactions?

A

reactions that breakdown and produce energy

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3
Q

What are anabolic reactions?

A

reactions that build up and use energy

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4
Q

What is ATP to the cell?

A

energy-currency

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5
Q

Can ATP be stored?

A

No, it must constantly be made

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6
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

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7
Q

What process does ATP’s phosphates go through that releases energy?

A

phosphate uncoupling

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8
Q

What is adenine attached to?

A

ribose

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9
Q

By themselves, what are the phosphates that make up ATP?

A

inorganic

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10
Q

What happens when ATP is “drawn down”?

A

converts to ADP

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11
Q

What happens when ADP is “charged up”?

A

converts back to ATP

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12
Q

What is the function of enzymes?

A

speed up reactions

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13
Q

Enzymes are almost always what?

A

proteins

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14
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

they work with enzymes

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15
Q

What are some examples of coenzymes and what do they do?

A

NADH and FADH2

deliver electrons to the ETC

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16
Q

What vitamins act as coenzymes?

A

B vitamins

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17
Q

What are cofactors?

A

inorganic coenzymes

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18
Q

What controls REDOX reactions?

A

enzymes

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19
Q

When is something oxidized?

A

loses electrons
loses hydrogen
gains O2

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20
Q

When is something reduced?

A

gains electrons
gains hydrogen
loses O2

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21
Q

What is the oxidized form of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide?

A

NAD+

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22
Q

What is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide?

A

NADH2

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23
Q

What is the oxidized form of flavin adenine dinucleotide?

A

FAD

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24
Q

What is the reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide?

A

FADH2

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25
Q

What is a component of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide?

A

niacin

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26
Q

What is a component of flavin adenine dinucleotide?

A

riboflavin

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27
Q

What are the four steps of cellular respiration for carbohydrates?

A

glycolysis
transition reaction
citric acid cycle
ETC

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28
Q

What is the main goal of glycolysis?

A

break down 6C glucose to 2 molecules of 3C pyruvate

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29
Q

What are the byproducts of carbohydrate glycolysis?

A

2 molecules of pyruvate
NADH+H
2 net molecules of ATP

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30
Q

Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?

A

cytoplasm

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31
Q

What does NADH+H act as?

A

Electron deliverer for ETC

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32
Q

What must be present for pyruvate to enter the mitochondria?

A

oxygen

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33
Q

What happens after glycolysis if oxygen is present?

A

transition reaction in mitochondria

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34
Q

What happens after glycolysis if oxygen is not present?

A

lactic fermentation

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35
Q

What is lactic acid and when do you feel it?

A

toxic byproduct of anaerobic respiration

during exercise - THE BURN

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36
Q

What does anaerobic respiration/lactic fermentation allow for?

A

NADH to be converted to NAD+

allows glycolysis to restart

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37
Q

What is the energy output of anaerobic respiration/lactic fermentation?

A

2 ATP per glucose molecule

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38
Q

Where is lactic acid recycled?

A

liver

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39
Q

What is the process of lactic acid recycling called?

A

Cori cycle

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40
Q

What is the main goal of the transition reaction of carbohydrates?

A

convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

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41
Q

Where does the transition reaction occur in the cell?

A

mitochondria

42
Q

What does the transition reaction require?

A

oxygen

43
Q

Other than the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, what else does the transition reaction produce?

A

NADH+H (for ETC)

Carbon dioxide

44
Q

What is unique about the

carbohydrate conversion to acetyl-CoA?

A

irreversible reaction

45
Q

What are acetyl-CoA’s options (carbs)?

A
  • Make ATP by entering the citric acid cycle and finishing with ETC
  • Be converted to fat storage
  • Be converted to ketone bodies
46
Q

What are the necessary conditions for acetyl-CoA to make ATP through the citric acid cycle and later ETC?

A

only happens if body has enough carbs in storage

47
Q

What are the necessary conditions for acetyl-CoA to be converted to fat storage?

A

only happens if the body does not require additional ATP

48
Q

What are the necessary conditions for acetyl-CoA to be converted to ketones?

A

only happens if the body does not have enough carbs available

49
Q

What can be used to make energy?

A

ketone bodies

50
Q

What is required for acetyl-CoA to enter the citric acid cycle?

A

can only enter if oxaloacetate is present

51
Q

What does the binding of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate make?

A

citrate

52
Q

What is oxaloacetate made from?

A

carbs

53
Q

If carbs aren’t available, what doesn’t happen?

A

Krebs

54
Q

What is the goal of the citric acid cycle?

A

produce coenzymes
NADH+H
FADH2

55
Q

What else does the citric acid cycle produce?

A 
potential ATP (guanine triphosphate)
carbon dioxide
56
Q

What does the citric acid cycle not require?

A

oxygen

57
Q

What is another name for the electron transport chain?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

58
Q

Where does the energy come from to form ATP in the ETC?

A

NADH+H and FADH2

59
Q

During the ETC, what happens to NADH+H?

A

oxidized to form NAD+

60
Q

During the ETC, what happens to FADH2?

A

oxidized to form FAD

61
Q

What minerals does the ETC require?

A

iron and copper

62
Q

Iron is the component of what?

A

cytochromes

63
Q

During the ETC, how is oxygen used?

A

combined with H+ and electrons to form water

64
Q

Where is the most ATP generated?

A

ETC

65
Q

What does each component of a triglyceride turn into during cellular respiration?

A

glycerol turns into pyruvate

fatty acids turn into acetyl-CoA

66
Q

What is another term for turning fat into ATP?

A

Beta-Oxidation

67
Q

What happens to fatty acid chains during beta-oxidation?

A

the even-numbered chain is cut into 2-carbon pieces

68
Q

What happens to the 2C pieces of a fatty acid chain during beta-oxidation?

A

each piece gets CoA to make an acetyl-CoA

69
Q

Other than acetyl-CoA, what else is made during beta-oxidation?

A

NADH+H and FADH2

70
Q

Why does fat yield more than 2x the energy than carbs and protein?

A
  • more carbons to convert to acetyl-CoA

- have fewer oxygen molecules, which makes it easier to handle at a molecular level

71
Q

If carbohydrates are too low to generate oxaloacetate during the cellular respiration of fat, what happens?

A
  1. citric acid cycle decreases
  2. Beta-oxidation continues, causing buildup of acetyl-CoA
  3. join together to form ketone bodies
72
Q

How does the production of ketone bodies affect the kidneys?

A

it is an acidic process, so it is hard on the kidneys as they buffer

73
Q

What other physical symptoms will someone experience during ketone body formation?

A

suppressed appetite

acetone leaves body (smells fruity)

74
Q

What happens to triglycerides during fasting?

A

they are broken down

75
Q

What does the breakdown of triglycerides trigger during fasting?

A

hormone-sensitive lipase

76
Q

What increases and decreases hormone-sensitive lipase?

A

increase- glucagon, growth hormone, and epinephrine

decrease-insulin

77
Q

During fasting, how are fatty acids transported to the mitochondria?

A

taken up by cells and shuttled into mitochondria via carnitine

78
Q

Where does protein metabolism take place?

A

liver

sometimes muscle

79
Q

Depending on the R-group, what can protein be turned into during cellular respiration?

A

glucose or acetyl-CoA

80
Q

Amino acids being used for fuel must first undergo what?

A

deamination

81
Q

What is required for deamination to take place?

A

vitamin B-6

82
Q

What is the result of amino acid deamination during cellular respiration?

A

carbon skeleton that is either gluco-genic or keto-genic

83
Q

What can glucogenic amino acids undergo?

A

gluconeogenesis

84
Q

Where does glucogenic amino acid gluconeogenesis take place

A

kidney

liver

85
Q

What does glucogenic amino acid gluconeogenesis require?

A 
ATP
Biotin
Riboflavin
Niacin
B-6
86
Q

What happens to ketogenic amino acids?

A

use carbons to form acetyl-CoA

87
Q

What is the main pathway for alcohol metabolism?

A

alcohol dehydrogenase

88
Q

What is the first step in alcohol metabolism?

A

alcohol is converted to acetaldehyde

89
Q

For alcohol to be converted to acetyldehyde, what must be present?

A

ADH and NAD+

90
Q

What is the byproduct of alcohol conversion to acetaldehyde?

A

NADH+H

91
Q

What is the second step in alcohol metabolism?

A

acetaldehyde is converted to acetyl-CoA

92
Q

For acetaldehyde to be converted to acetyl-CoA, what must be present?

A

coenzyme A

aldehyde dehydrogenase

93
Q

What is the byproduct of acetaldehyde conversion to acetyl-CoA?

A

NADH+H

94
Q

If alcohol consumption is too high, what takes over?

A

MEOS

95
Q

If buildup of NADH is too much during alcohol metabolism, what happens?

A

acetyl-CoA can’t enter

acetyl-CoA is directed to fatty acid and triglyceride production

96
Q

What happens to metabolism during feasting?

A 
fat tissue increases
insulin production increases
more glucose burned for energy
more glycogen
more protein and fat synthesis
97
Q

Where is excess consumed fat stored?

A

adipose tissue

98
Q

Excess protein consumption results in what?

A

amino acids in pool

fatty acid formation

99
Q

Carbohydrates consumed in excess will result in what?

A

-build glycogen stores
glucose for energy
fat synthesis

100
Q

What happens during fasting?

A
  • body uses glycogen and fatty acids for fuel
  • fat is still broken down and can’t be used to fuel nervous system or RBCs
  • glycogen stores depleted
  • body tissue broken down to make glucose
101
Q

During prolonged fasting, what happens?

A
  • body protein depleted
  • fatty acids can’t be used for gluconeogenesis
  • sodium and potassium depleted and lost in urine with ketone bodies
  • blood urea levels increase
102
Q

What are the body’s adaptations to survive fasting?

A
  • slows metabolic rate to reduce energy requirements and lean body tissue breakdown
  • allows nervous system to use more ketone bodies
  • organ failure

Human Nutrition (11 decks)

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