Chapter 7 - Protein Flashcards
How many amino acids does the human body make?
11/20
What provides about 2/3’s of dietary protein?
meat poultry seafood eggs dairy products
Why does most of the world rely on plant proteins from grains and vegetables?
as a country’s economy improves, the proportion of animal foods in the diet tends to increase
What are the functions of proteins?
- provide structure
- enzymes that speed up metabolic reactions
- transport proteins move substances in and out of cells
- antibodies help immune system
- contractile proteins help muscles move
- hormones
- regulation of fluid and acid-base balance
Is protein a main energy source?
NOPE
Why should we care where our protein is sourced?
source of protein determines what other nutrients are being consumed along with it
What do animal products provide?
protein
B vitamins
minerals (iron, zinc, calcium)
What do animal products lack?
fiber
high in fat
What are plants a good source for?
protein B vitamins iron zinc fiber phytochemicals calcium
What are amino acids?
building blocks of protein
How many amino acids are there?
20
What are essential amino acids?
amino acids that can’t be synthesized by the human body in sufficient amounts to meet needs
How many essential amino acids are there?
9
NH2 is what in an amino acid?
amino/functional group
What is transamination?
move around amino group
transferring of an amino group from 1 amino acid to a carbon skeleton to form a new amino acid
How are non-essential amino acids made?
transamination
What contains all 9 essential amino acids?
animal proteins (except gelatin)
What are complete/high quality proteins?
have all 20 amino acids
animal proteins
What plant proteins contain all 9 essential amino acids?
quinoa
soy
Plant proteins are considered to be what kind of proteins?
incomplete
low quality
What are limiting proteins?
proteins that are missing
What are complementary proteins?
proteins that fill in the gap of missing proteins
What links amino acids together?
peptide bonds
Peptide bonds are formed between what?
between the acid group of one amino acid and the nitrogen group of next amino acid
What bonds are formed between two amino acids?
dipeptide bonds
What bonds are formed between many amino acids?
polypeptides
One or more polypeptide chains folded into a 3-D shape is what?
a protein
How does denaturation occur?
change of shape, unraveling
caused by heat, pH etc
Nutritionally, why would we want to denature proteins?
easier to digest if protein is denatured
What is protein turnover?
body continuously synthesizes and breaks down protein
What is the storage area for protein?
everywhere in the body, except fat
To use amino acids as energy, what must occur?
deamination
Ammonia is converted to what in what organ, and then is excreted by what organ?
urea by liver
excreted by kindeys
After deamination, what can happen to amino acids?
can be stored as fat
Amino acids (after deamination) can also be converted to what?
glucose via gluconeogenesis
How is a food allergy triggered?
when a protein from the diet is absorbed without being completely denatured
What food items make up 90% of food allergies?
milk wheat soy eggs nuts fish shellfish peanuts
What is anaphylaxis?
a rapid, severe allergic reaction that involves more than 1 part of the body
It is recommended that you feed babies only breast milk or formula until what age?
6 months
It is recommended that you delay introduction of cow’s milk until what age?
1 year
It is recommended that you don’t serve egg whites to children after what age?
2 years
It is recommended that you keep diets free of peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish until what age?
3 years
What happens to many children with food allergies?
they outgrow them
What can elevated protein intakes over long periods of time result in?
- hydration and kidney function issues
- bone health issues
- kidney stones
- increased risk of heart disease and cancer from high animal based protein consumption
What is PKU?
phenylketonuria
inherited condition attributed to a defective gene
What is aspartame?
sugar substitute
contains phenylalanine
What is MSG?
monosodium glutamate
What does MSG consist of?
-glutamic acid (glutamate) bound to sodium
What are the symptoms involved with MSG?
flushed face tingling burning sensations headache rapid heartbeat chest pain general weakness
What is MSG symptom complex is commonly termed what?
chinese restaurant syndrome
Adults require how many grams of protein per kg of body weight per day?
0.8
What is the AMDR for protein?
10-35%
Protein needs increase during what periods?
periods of growth
pregnancy
lactation
What is PEM?
protein-energy malnutrition
What is Kwashiorkor?
pure protein deficiency
What is Marasmus?
energy and protein deficiency
