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Human Nutrition > Chapter 15 - Trace Minerals > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Trace Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of trace mineral?

A

essential but you don’t need that much of it

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2
Q

What are the functions of iron?

A

-essential for delivery of oxygen to cells

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3
Q

Where is most iron located?

A

in hemoglobin

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4
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

quaternary structured protein

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5
Q

Iron is also found in myoglobin, which is found where?

A

muscle tissue

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6
Q

What is the last thing iron functions as?

A

coenzyme

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7
Q

What are good sources of iron?

A 
Life cereal
animal products
dark greens
dried fruit (b/c of serving sz)
fortified foods
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8
Q

What types of foods have the highest iron bioavailability?

A

meats
fish
poultry

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9
Q

What types of beans offer the most iron?

A

darker pigmented beans

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10
Q

What is the major iron storage protein?

A

ferritin

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11
Q

What is the major iron transport protein in the blood?

A

transferrin

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12
Q

Where is extra iron shed?

A

in intestinal cells

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13
Q

Where is iron stored?

A

bone marrow
spleen
liver

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14
Q

What percentage of iron is absorbed?

A

14-18%

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15
Q

What affects the amount of iron absorbed?

A 
iron status 
dietary consumption
type and amount ingested
dietary factors 
stomach acid
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16
Q

What are the two types of iron?

A

heme and non-heme

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17
Q

Where is heme iron found?

A

animal foods

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18
Q

Heme iron makes up how much of the DI?

A

10%

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19
Q

What is the absorption rate of heme iron?

A

25%

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20
Q

Non-heme iron is found where?

A

animal and non-animal foods

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21
Q

Non-heme iron DI?

A

90%

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22
Q

Non-heme iron absorption rate?

A

17%

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23
Q

What enhances iron absorption?

A
  • high iron demand/low body stores
  • MFP
  • Vitamin C
  • Acids
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24
Q

How does high iron demand/low body stores enhance iron absorption?

A

if you’re deficient, you will have a higher absorption rate

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25
Q

What is MFP and where is it found?

A

Meat Factor Protein

meat, fish, poultry

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26
Q

How does vitamin C enhance iron absorption?

A

when consumed at the same time, in the same meal

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27
Q

What are the acids that enhance iron absorption and why?

A

citric, lactic, and stomach acid

make it more soluble

28
Q

What are the factors that inhibit non-heme iron absorption?

A
  • phytates
  • Calcium
  • polyphenols
29
Q

Phytates found where?

A

legumes

grains

30
Q

Calcium inhibits absorption how?

A

cancels out vitamin C in absorption

31
Q

Polyphenols found where?

A

tannins in tea

wine

32
Q

RDA varies based on what?

A

age

gender

33
Q

Iron RDA for men?

A

8 mg/day

34
Q

Iron RDA for pregnant women?

A

27 mg/day

35
Q

What can’t be produced when iron is deficient?

A

hemoglobin can’t be produced

36
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

when there is not enough hemoglobin

RBCs are smaller and paler and unable to deliver sufficient oxygen to tissues

37
Q

How much of the world is deficient in iron and how many suffer from anemia?

A

80%

30%

38
Q

Iron deficiencies also affect what?

A

mental function

pica

39
Q

Who are most at risk for iron deficiency?

A
  • women of childbearing age, pregnant women, infants, children, adolescents
  • diets low in iron, vegetarians, those dieting in general
  • those in poverty, or with intestinal parasites
40
Q

Iron upper limit?

A

45 mg/day from all sources

41
Q

Who is more prone to iron toxicity?

A

children

absorptive mechanisms don’t respond as rapidly

42
Q

Iron overload can happen over time and accumulate where?

A

in tissues, such as heart and liver

43
Q

What is the most common and genetic form of iron overload?

A

hemochromatosis

44
Q

Antioxidants work as part of what?

A

antioxidant enzyme systems

45
Q

Zinc and superoxide dismutase does what?

A

catalyes conversion of O2 to H2O2 to H2O

46
Q

Selenium and Glutathione Peroxidase does what?

A

reduces H2O2 to H2O lowering need for vitamin E

47
Q

Zinc essential for what (3)?

A
  • growth and development
  • 300+ different enzymes
  • part of antioxidant superoxide dismutase
48
Q

Zinc helps with growth and development how?

A

gene expression

sexual maturation

49
Q

Superoxide dismutase does what?

A
  • protects cells from free radical damage

- catalyzes conversion of O2 to H2O2 to H2O

50
Q

Zinc stored where?

A

intestinal cells

51
Q

The more zinc needed, the more what?

A

absorbed

52
Q

Excess zinc excreted where?

A

feces
urine
bodily fluids

53
Q

Zinc better absorbed in what foods?

A

animal sources

54
Q

Zinc bound by what? Affects what?

A

phytates

bioavailability

55
Q

Zinc does what when taken in excess?

A

toxic

56
Q

Zinc deficiencies rare where?

A

U.S.

57
Q

Zinc deficiencies most common in who?

A

children
elderly
pregnant women
individuals with poor nutrition

58
Q

Zinc deficiency is common in what types of immune systems?

A

impaired immune system

59
Q

The selenium content of plant foods depends on what?

A

selenium content of soil in which they are grown

60
Q

Symptoms of selenium deficiency?

A

muscular discomfort
muscular weakness
Keshan disease (heart muscles)

61
Q

Fluoride is important for what?

A

dental health
hardens enamel
fights cavities

62
Q

Where is fluoride found?

A

almost all soil
water
plants
animals

63
Q

Common sources of fluoride?

A

fluoridated water, tea
marine fish with bones (canned salmon, sardines)
topical toothpaste

64
Q

Antioxidant minerals are part of?

A

enzyme systems

65
Q

Which mineral will shorten the duration of your cold?

A

Zinc

66
Q

What are the trace minerals?

A

Fluoride
Zinc
Selenium
Iron

Human Nutrition (11 decks)

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