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Human Nutrition > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What do organ systems do?

A

work together to support the entire organism

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2
Q

What is digestion?

A

process of breaking down food into components small enough to be absorbed by the body (physical and chemical)

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3
Q

What is absorption?

A

process of taking substances into the interior of the body (lymph and blood stream)

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4
Q

Gastrointestinal tract

A

muscular

hollow tube consisting of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus

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5
Q

Transit time

A

amount of time it takes food to pass the entire length of the GI tract

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6
Q

Sphincters

A

circular, muscular valves

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7
Q

Feces

A

body waste

including unabsorbed food residue, bacteria, and dead cells

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8
Q

What things make you want to eat?

A

sight, smell, texture, taste, hearing
cephalic portion of digestion (thought(
hunger
appetite

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9
Q

When does digestion start?

A 
cephalic phase
the first thought of food
hypothalamus
involuntary control
pituitary
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10
Q

What happens to food in the mouth?

A

digestion and taste

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11
Q

How does digestion take place in the mouth?

A

mouth physically digests via chewing and swallowing

mouth chemically digests via amylase in saliva to break down food

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12
Q

What does the mouth taste?

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

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13
Q

Salivary amylase

A

breaks down carbs

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14
Q

Lipase

A

breaks down lipids

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15
Q

Bicarbonate

A

for acidity

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16
Q

What does saliva contain?

A 
salivary amylase
bicarbonate
mucus
lingual lipase (infants)
antibodies and lysozyme
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17
Q

How do we swallow food?

A

voluntary and involuntary phase

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18
Q

What is the voluntary phase of swallowing food?

A

chewing
can choose how many times you chew
30 is standard

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19
Q

What is the involuntary phase of swallowing food?

A

once you swallow
reflex
epiglottis covers the voice box and trachea moves up

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20
Q

Esophagus?

A

from mouth to stomach

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21
Q

How does food move through the whole GI tract?

A

via peristalsis and segmentation

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22
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

tightening of the lumen to move food down

23
Q

What is segmentation?

A

breaking into smaller pieces

mechanical digestion

24
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

acts as a holding and mixing tank
doesn’t do much digestion
holds some water, fats, and 20% alcohol

25
Q

What does the stomach secrete?

A

gastrin

26
Q

What does gastrin trigger the release of?

A 
pepsinogen
HCL
Intrinsic factor
Pepsin
Gastric Lipase
Mucus
Bicarbonate
27
Q

What gives the stomach its pH?

A

HCL

28
Q

What is intrinsic factor?

A

necessary for B12 absorption

29
Q

What is gastrin?

A

stomach hormone

30
Q

Where are gastric juices produced?

A

in gastric pits of stomach lining

31
Q

What is the purpose of bicarbonate?

A

acts as antacid

32
Q

The release of mucus and bicarbonate relies on what?

A

prostaglandins

33
Q

What can inhibit prostaglandin production?

A

NSAIDs

34
Q

What can a reduced mucus barrier lead to?

A

ulcers

35
Q

What sphincters are located near the stomach?

A

gastroesophageal

pyloric

36
Q

What causes heartburn?

A

esophageal sphincter opens and allows backflow into esophagus

37
Q

In what people is GERD common?

A

pregnant women
infants (Caucasian and Asian descent)
middle-aged, Caucasian, overweight, male with poor diet

38
Q

What are peptic ulcers?

A

open sores that develop in the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or upper portion of the small intestine

39
Q

What is the most common cause of stomach ulcers?

A

bacteria

H. pylori

40
Q

What aggravates ulcers?

A

stress, spicy food etc

41
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

main digester and absorber

42
Q

What is the anatomy of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Illeum

43
Q

What is the purpose of the villi and microvilli in the small intestine?

A

increases surface area

used for absorption

44
Q

What is the physiology of the small intestine?

A

moves and makes chyme with digestive juices
villi lined with enterocytes to absorb
secretes enzymes and absorbs nutrients

45
Q

What are the four different types of nutrient absorption?

A
  1. passive diffusion
  2. facilitated diffusion
  3. active transport
  4. phagocytosis and pinocytosis
46
Q

What materials move through the body via phago and pinocytosis?

A

large quantities
bulk
how fats move around body

47
Q

What are the gastrointestinal accessory organs?

A

liver
gallbladder
pancreas

48
Q

What is meant by accessory organs?

A

not in direct contact with GI tract

49
Q

What does the liver produce?

A

bile

50
Q

What does the liver contain?

A

cholesterol

51
Q

What does the liver emulsify?

A

fats

52
Q

What happens to bile once it reaches the ileum?

A

mostly reabsorbed in the ileum

returned to the liver

53
Q

What is it called when bile is returned to the liver after hitting the ileum?

A

enterohepatic circulation

Human Nutrition (11 decks)

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