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Human Nutrition > Chapter 8 - Alcohol > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up an alcoholic beverage?

A

water
ethanol
sugar

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2
Q

What is the energy yield of alcohol?

A

7 calories/gram

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3
Q

How much alcohol can the liver metabolize?

A

1 drink per hour

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4
Q

What is the definition of 1 drink in grams?

A

14 grams of alcohol

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5
Q

What is the definition of 1 drink in terms of wine, beer, and distilled spirits?

A

5 fl oz wine
12 fl oz beer
1.5 fl oz distilled spirits

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6
Q

Alcohol is rapidly absorbed by what and where?

A

simple diffusion

along entire GI tract

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7
Q

About what percentage of alcohol is absorbed in the stomach?

A

20%

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8
Q

Besides the stomach, where is the rest of alcohol absorbed?

A

duodenum

jejunum

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9
Q

Alcohol affects all body systems because alcohol is a ___?

A

narcotic

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10
Q

Alcohol is found wherever what is distributed in the body?

A

water

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11
Q

Alcohol moves easily through cell membranes and ends up damaging what part of the membrane?

A

proteins in the membranes

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12
Q

How many options are available for alcohol metabolism?

A

3

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13
Q

What is the first option for alcohol metabolism?

A

alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) pathway

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14
Q

What intake levels does the ADH pathway metabolize?

A

low to moderate intakes

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15
Q

Which enzymes does the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway use?

A

alcohol dehydrogenase

aldehyde dehydrogenase

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16
Q

What does alcohol dehydrogenase do?

A

converts alcohol to acetaldehyde

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17
Q

What does aldehyde dehydrogenase do?

A

converts acetaldehyde to acetyl-CoA

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18
Q

What can acetyl-CoA be used for?

A

fatty acid synthesis

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19
Q

What is the chief site for alcohol metabolism?

A

liver

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20
Q

What is the second option for alcohol metabolism?

A

microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)

21
Q

What intake level does the MEOS pathway metabolize?

A

moderate to excessive alcohol intake

22
Q

When does the MEOS pathway activate?

A

when the ADH pathway can’t keep up

turbocharged metabolism

23
Q

What organ activates MEOS to help?

24
Q

What does the MEOS produce and what does it require?

A

alcohol dehydrogenase
aldehyde dehydrogenase
requires energy

25
Q

What kind of system is MEOS?

A

inducible system

as intake increases over time, MEOS is more active

26
Q

Because MEOS is inducible, how does it affect metabolism, tolerance, and genetics?

A

allows for efficient metabolism
greater tolerance (requires more alcohol to produce the same effects)
some people are born with MEOS that kicks in faster

27
Q

What is the third option for alcohol metabolism?

A

catalase pathway

28
Q

How much contribution does the catalase pathway provide to alcohol metabolism?

A

minor contribution

29
Q

Where does the catalase pathway take place?

A

liver with increased consumption

30
Q

What is key to alcohol metabolism?

A

ability to produce enzymes

31
Q

Which ethnicity presents low activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase?

32
Q

Because people of Asian descent have low levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase, what is the result?

A

build up of toxic acetaldehyde

33
Q

What gender produces less alcohol dehydrogenase?

34
Q

Which gender has less total water?

35
Q

What happens when alcohol consumption exceeds the liver’s metabolic capacity?

A

blood alcohol levels rise
symptoms of alcohol intoxication appear
brain and nervous system are exposed to alcohol

36
Q

What is BAC?

A

blood alcohol concentration

37
Q

What is measured in BAC?

A

amount of alcohol excreted in the lungs is measured

38
Q

Alcohol content of exhaled air and what are directly related?

39
Q

What is acute alcohol toxicity?

A

alcohol poisioning

40
Q

What are the results of acute alcohol toxicity?

A

respiratory failure

death

41
Q

What is binge drinking?

A

4 or more drinks for women

5 or more drinks for men

42
Q

What does long-term excessive alcohol consumption cause?

A

malnutrition

43
Q

How does alcohol consumption affect nutrient intake?

A
  • decreases overall nutrient intake
  • interferes with nutrient absorption, storage, metabolism, and excretion
  • increases calorie intake
44
Q

Long-term excessive alcohol consumption generates what?

A

toxins

free radicals

45
Q

What do the toxins and free radicals cause?

A
  • fatty liver
  • alcoholic hepatitis
  • cirrhosis
  • hypertension
  • heart disease
  • stroke
  • increased risk for certain cancers
  • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
46
Q

What is considered to be moderate drinking?

A

no more than 1 drink for women and 2 drinks for men, per day

47
Q

What are the benefits of moderate drinking?

A
  • lowest mortality
  • reduced risk for heart disease
  • reduced risk for stroke
48
Q

When is fetal alcohol syndrome worst?

A

12-16 weeks

Human Nutrition (11 decks)

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