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Human Nutrition > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of nutrition?

A

science of food

how the body uses food for energy, metabolism, growth and maintenance

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2
Q

Nutrition is a science, what does that mean?

A

it can be tested and backed by the scientific method

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3
Q

Why study nutrition at all?

A

It supports wellness

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4
Q

What are the four types of wellness?

A

physical
emotional
intellectual
mental

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5
Q

What are nutrients?

A

substances essential for health that the body can’t make or makes too little to support health

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6
Q

What are the essential nutrient characteristics?

A
  1. has specific biological function
  2. if removed, causes decline in human biological function
  3. if returned before permanent impairment, human biological functions return to normal
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7
Q

What do nutrients do?

A

provide energy
form structures
regulate body processes

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8
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

proteins, lipids, and water needed in large amounts

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9
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

vitamins and minerals needed in small amounts

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10
Q

Which nutrients provide energy?

A

carbs, lipids, and proteins

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11
Q

Why is protein a debatable nutrient that provides energy?

A

protein can be used for ATP, but its not supposed to be used as such

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12
Q

What are the two types of malnutrition?

A

undernutrition

overnutrition

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13
Q

What is undernutrition?

A

nutrient intake does not meet needs
nutrient stores are depleted
subclinical early stage of nutrient deficiency

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14
Q

What is overnutrition?

A

consumption of more nutrients than the body needs
most common type in industrialized nations
excess energy intake

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15
Q

What can a nutritional assessment do?

A

can help determine how nutritionally fit you are

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16
Q

What is the biggest downfall in a nutritional status assessment?

A

inability to self-report

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17
Q

What should a nutritional status assessment include?

A

FABCDE

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18
Q

What does FABCDE stand for?

A 
Family history and self-history
Anthropometric assessment (BMI)
Biochemical assessment (blood, urine)
Clinical assessment
Dietary assessment
Environmental assessment
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19
Q

What are some limitations of nutritional assessments?

A

many signs and symptoms of a deficiency are not very superficial
-many take a long time for the signs and symptoms and the clinical evidence of a nutritional deficiency to develop

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20
Q

What is the nutrition care process?

A
  • conduct a nutrition assessment
  • diagnose nutrition-related problems
  • create an intervention
  • monitor and evaluate progress
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21
Q

What is a calorie?

A
  • amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
  • tiny unit of measurement
22
Q

What is a kilocalorie?

A
  • Calorie

- amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree Celsius

23
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

24
Q

What are the dietary sources of carbs?

A

fruit, vegetables, grains, beans, and sugars

25
Q

What is the energy yield from carbs?

A

4 calories/gram

26
Q

What are lipids?

A

fats composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

27
Q

What are the dietary sources of lipids?

A

fats, oils, and cholesterol

28
Q

What is the energy yield from lipids?

A

9 calories/gram

29
Q

What are proteins?

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

30
Q

What is the energy yield from proteins?

A

4 calories/gram

31
Q

What is the energy yield from alcohol?

A

7 calories/gram

32
Q

What fraction of Americans are overweight?

A

2/3

33
Q

What fraction of Americans are obese?

A

1/3

34
Q

What fraction of nutrition-related diseases account for all deaths?

A

2/3

35
Q

What is the number 1 killer in the US?

A

heart disease

36
Q

The current dietary patterns and lack of physical activity ____ the risk of chronic diseases

A

increases

37
Q

What is the human condition?

A

we know that something is dangerous, but we don’t see the immediate threat

38
Q

What are the top four issues of the North American diet?

A
  1. too many calories (and not enough activity)
  2. too much protein from animal sources; too little from plants
  3. too many carbs from simple sugars; too few from complex carbs
  4. too much fat from animal sources; too little from plants
39
Q

What influences our food choices?

A
  • food flavor, texture and appearance
  • psychological and emotional
  • culture
  • lifestyle- 21st Century lifestyle; food processing
  • routines and habits
  • environment- socioeconomic; food deserts
  • food marketing
  • health and nutrition concerns, knowledge, and beliefs- only eat 100 different foods
40
Q

What is hunger?

A

Physical need for food

41
Q

What is appetite?

A

psychological desire to eat certain foods and reject others

42
Q

What is the scientific method in nutrition?

A

6 steps

  1. observations made and questions asked
  2. hypothesis generated
  3. research experiments conducted
  4. findings evaluated by peers and published
  5. follow up experiments conducted to confirm or extend findings
  6. accept or reject hypothesis
43
Q

When are animals used in lab experiments?

A

when human use is unethical

depends on animal model or the disease that closely mimics the human version

44
Q

What is a case-control study?

A

compare individuals who have the condition with those who don’t

45
Q

What is a double-blind study?

A

experimental group follows specific protocol, while control group follows usual habits but is also administered a placebo
gives more definitive testing of a hypothesis

46
Q

The strongest studies compare groups that are similar in what?

A

age
race
gender

47
Q

What can human experiments not claim?

A

cause and effect

48
Q

When evaluating nutrition claims, what do you need to be cautious of?

A
  • only advantages are discussed
  • new or secret breakthroughs
  • claims to cure disease
  • sounds too good to be true
  • extreme bias against medical community
49
Q

How do you identify reliable nutrition information?

A
  • Is it based on good science?
  • Has it stood the test of time?
  • Does a reputable source stand behind it?
50
Q

What is Healthy People 2020?

A

report that provides science-based, 10-year national goals for improving the health of all Americans

51
Q

What is the main objective of Healthy People 2020?

A

help all people attain high-quality, longer lives free of disease, disability, injury, and premature death

52
Q

What is the best nutritional information source?

A

registered dietician

Human Nutrition (11 decks)

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